Asimetría entre el precio mayorista y minorista del GNV en Lima Metropolitana y el Callao entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2024
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la existencia de asimetría en
la relación entre el precio mayorista y el precio minorista del gas natural vehicular (GNV) en
Lima Metropolitana y el Callao entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2024. Este estudio busca
determinar si los cambios en el precio mayorista se transmiten de manera proporcional y
simétrica al precio minorista, o si, por el contrario, existe un traslado diferenciado que genera
efectos sobre el bienestar de los consumidores.
El trabajo emplea un enfoque cuantitativo, con diseño no experimental, utilizando
precios mayoristas (Calidda) y precios minoristas reportados por las estaciones de servicio a
Osinergmin. Se aplican técnicas econométricas, específicamente, pruebas de estacionariedad
y cointegración, y modelos de corrección de errores (simétricos y no simétricos). Asimismo,
se incorpora un análisis espacial para capturar la influencia de estaciones cercanas en la
formación de precios.
Los principales resultados muestran que el precio mayorista y minorista del GNV
están cointegrados, pero el proceso de ajuste es lento y diferenciado. Se confirma que los
aumentos del precio mayorista se trasladan al minorista con mayor rapidez e intensidad que
las reducciones, lo que implica la existencia de asimetría y un sobreprecio para los
consumidores. En consecuencia, se valida la hipótesis de la investigación: la transmisión de
precios del GNV en Lima y Callao fue asimétrica, en perjuicio del consumidor.
This research aims to analyze the existence of asymmetry in the relationship between wholesale and retail prices of compressed natural gas for vehicles (CNG) in Metropolitan Lima and Callao from January 2013 to December 2024. The study seeks to determine whether changes in wholesale prices are transmitted proportionally and symmetrically to retail prices, or whether, on the contrary, there is a differentiated pass-through that affects consumer welfare. The study employs a quantitative approach with a non-experimental design, using wholesale prices (Calidda) and retail prices reported by service stations to Osinergmin. Econometric techniques are applied, specifically stationarity and cointegration tests, as well as error correction models (symmetric and asymmetric). Additionally, a spatial analysis is incorporated to capture the influence of nearby stations on price formation. The main findings show that wholesale and retail prices of CNG are cointegrated, but the adjustment process is slow and uneven. The results confirm that increases in wholesale prices are transmitted to retail prices more quickly and intensely than decreases, implying the existence of asymmetry and an additional cost for consumers. Consequently, the study validates its central hypothesis: CNG price transmission in Lima and Callao was asymmetric, to the detriment of consumers.
This research aims to analyze the existence of asymmetry in the relationship between wholesale and retail prices of compressed natural gas for vehicles (CNG) in Metropolitan Lima and Callao from January 2013 to December 2024. The study seeks to determine whether changes in wholesale prices are transmitted proportionally and symmetrically to retail prices, or whether, on the contrary, there is a differentiated pass-through that affects consumer welfare. The study employs a quantitative approach with a non-experimental design, using wholesale prices (Calidda) and retail prices reported by service stations to Osinergmin. Econometric techniques are applied, specifically stationarity and cointegration tests, as well as error correction models (symmetric and asymmetric). Additionally, a spatial analysis is incorporated to capture the influence of nearby stations on price formation. The main findings show that wholesale and retail prices of CNG are cointegrated, but the adjustment process is slow and uneven. The results confirm that increases in wholesale prices are transmitted to retail prices more quickly and intensely than decreases, implying the existence of asymmetry and an additional cost for consumers. Consequently, the study validates its central hypothesis: CNG price transmission in Lima and Callao was asymmetric, to the detriment of consumers.
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Gas natural--Perú--Lima Metropolitana, Gas natural--Perú--Callao (Provincia Constitucional), Precios--Perú--Lima Metropolitana, Precios--Perú--Callao (Provincia Constitucional)
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