Entre el río y la lluvia: Análisis de la vulnerabilidad social ante inundaciones en la ciudad de Juanjuí, Mariscal Cáceres, San Martín, Perú
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
En las últimas décadas, las precipitaciones intensas han provocado inundaciones más
frecuentes y severas en distintas regiones del mundo, incluida la Amazonía Occidental, con
efectos como pérdida de cultivos, daños en viviendas, enfermedades y fallas en servicios
básicos. Estas consecuencias afectan más a comunidades vulnerables por su situación
socioeconómica, ubicación o limitada capacidad de respuesta, por lo que analizar la
vulnerabilidad social resulta clave para comprender la distribución desigual del riesgo. Sin
embargo, estos estudios son escasos en el Perú, especialmente en la Amazonía. Por ello, esta
tesis estudia el caso de Juanjuí, Mariscal Cáceres, San Martín, donde la expansión urbana y
las condiciones sociales agravan la exposición.
La investigación emplea una metodología mixta combinando datos cuantitativos y
cualitativos para entender la complejidad de la vulnerabilidad social frente a inundaciones.
Se examina el crecimiento urbano mediante un análisis temporal, se identifican zonas de alto
riesgo a través de una exploración cartográfica, y se localizan grupos vulnerables mediante
un análisis demográfico espacial. Estos procesos se complementan con entrevistas y
observaciones in situ.
Los resultados revelan un crecimiento significativo de la ciudad de Juanjuí, con
aproximadamente 370% de aumento del área urbana entre 2003 a 2023, y una multiplicación
por siete de la población en casi ocho décadas. Sin embargo, este desarrollo contrasta con la
realidad del 55% del distrito ubicado en zonas de alto riesgo a inundaciones. Esta situación
afecta especialmente a comerciantes, agricultores y migrantes, grupos con alta
vulnerabilidad socioeconómica localizados en zonas de riesgo. Factores como la precariedad
de las viviendas y la informalidad laboral agravan su exposición. Además, la normalización
social de las inundaciones limita su capacidad de respuesta. Estos hallazgos muestran la
relación entre vulnerabilidad social, distribución espacial de la población y su percepción,
subrayando la importancia de abordar aspectos socio-territoriales en la gestión del riesgo.
In recent decades, intense rainfall has led to more frequent and severe flooding in different regions of the world, including the Western Amazon, with effects such as crop loss, home damage, disease, and failures in basic services. These consequences affect more vulnerable communities due to their socioeconomic situation, location or limited response capacity, reason why analyzing social vulnerability is key to understanding the unequal distribution of risk. However, these studies are still scarce in Peru, especially in the Amazon region. Therefore, this thesis studies the case of Juanjuí, in Mariscal Cáceres, San Martín, where urban expansion and social conditions aggravate exposure. This investigation employs a mixed methodology that combines quantitative and qualitative data to understand the complexity of social vulnerability to floods. Urban growth is examined through a temporal analysis, high-risk areas are identified through a cartographic exploration, and vulnerable groups are located through a spatial demographic analysis. These processes are complemented by interviews and on-site observations. The results reveal significant growth of the city of Juanjuí, with an approximate 370% expansion of its urban area between 2003 and 2023, and a seven-fold increase in its population in almost eight decades. However, this development contrasts with the reality that 55% of the district lies in areas at high risk of flooding. This situation especially affects merchants, farmers and migrants, groups with high socioeconomic vulnerability that settle in at-risk areas. Factors such as precarious housing and labor informality aggravate their exposure. In addition, the social normalization of floods as part of everyday life limits their response capacity. These findings reveal the relationship between social vulnerability, the spatial distribution of the population and its perception, underscoring the importance of addressing socio-territorial aspects in risk management.
In recent decades, intense rainfall has led to more frequent and severe flooding in different regions of the world, including the Western Amazon, with effects such as crop loss, home damage, disease, and failures in basic services. These consequences affect more vulnerable communities due to their socioeconomic situation, location or limited response capacity, reason why analyzing social vulnerability is key to understanding the unequal distribution of risk. However, these studies are still scarce in Peru, especially in the Amazon region. Therefore, this thesis studies the case of Juanjuí, in Mariscal Cáceres, San Martín, where urban expansion and social conditions aggravate exposure. This investigation employs a mixed methodology that combines quantitative and qualitative data to understand the complexity of social vulnerability to floods. Urban growth is examined through a temporal analysis, high-risk areas are identified through a cartographic exploration, and vulnerable groups are located through a spatial demographic analysis. These processes are complemented by interviews and on-site observations. The results reveal significant growth of the city of Juanjuí, with an approximate 370% expansion of its urban area between 2003 and 2023, and a seven-fold increase in its population in almost eight decades. However, this development contrasts with the reality that 55% of the district lies in areas at high risk of flooding. This situation especially affects merchants, farmers and migrants, groups with high socioeconomic vulnerability that settle in at-risk areas. Factors such as precarious housing and labor informality aggravate their exposure. In addition, the social normalization of floods as part of everyday life limits their response capacity. These findings reveal the relationship between social vulnerability, the spatial distribution of the population and its perception, underscoring the importance of addressing socio-territorial aspects in risk management.
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Inundaciones--Perú--Juanjuí (San Martín : Distrito), Comunidades nativas--Perú--Juanjuí (San Martín : Distrito), Crecimiento urbano--Perú--Juanjuí (San Martín : Distrito), Desastres naturales--Aspectos sociales--Perú--Juanjuí (San Martín : Distrito)
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