Enseñar quechua en escuelas urbanas ¿el fin de la discriminación lingüística?: el taller de quechua de una institución educativa pública en Andahuaylas
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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En el contexto de las políticas de revitalización del quechua, se exploran los
perfiles, actitudes e interacciones presentadas en estudiantes de primaria que forman
parte de un taller de quechua desarrollado en la IE Gregorio Martinelli en Talavera,
Andahuaylas, región Apurímac, en el año 2014. Se llevaron a cabo encuestas,
observaciones de aula y entrevistas con grupos de estudiantes y docentes. Se
encuentra que 1) los perfiles son diversos en términos de grados de bilingüismo, dada
la procedencia urbano-rural de los estudiantes, 2) las actitudes oscilan entre aquellas
acuñadas como antiquechua, de autocensura y proquechua, está sustentada en
aspectos utilitarios, identitarios y reivindicativos, 3) rasgos como la lengua quechua y
las costumbres tradicionales son utilizadas para estigmatizar al estudiante “del campo”
como una persona que genera rechazo o burla frente al resto de estudiantes
identificados al espectro urbano y castellano, sin embargo 4) distintos actores
reconocen un cambio positivo de la valoración del quechua en relación a las
restricciones años atrás, lo cual pemitiría una mayor y mejor implementación del taller,
el cual posibilita la disputa de sentidos sobre el fomento del quechua y su valoración
para futuras generaciones. Futuros trabajos podrían actualizar la evidencia, probar
cuantitativamente relaciones entre procedencia, valoración y actitudes lingüísticas,
explorar la vivencia subjetiva de los perfiles estudiantiles o verificar la efectividad de
intervenciones pedagógicas. Se invita a pensar las estrategias educativas de
recuperación de lenguas desde una mirada integral que tome en cuenta las dinámicas
de jerarquización étnica que permearían las relaciones en la escuela.
In the context of Quechua revitalization policies, this research explores the profiles, attitudes and interactions presented in primary school students who are part of a Quechua workshop developed at the IE Gregorio Martinelli in Talavera, Andahuaylas, Apurimac region, in 2014. Surveys, classroom observations and interviews were carried out with groups of students and teachers. It is found that 1) the profiles are diverse in terms of degrees of bilingualism, given the urban-rural origin of the students, 2) the attitudes range between those coined as anti-quechua, selfcensorship and pro-quechua, the latter being supported by utilitarian, identity and vindicative reasons, 3) traits such as the Quechua language and traditional customs are used to stigmatize the “countryside” student as a person who generates rejection or sneering from the rest of the students identified with the urban and Spanishspeaking spectrum, however 4) different actors recognize a positive change in the valuation of Quechua in relation to the restrictions years ago, which would allow a greater and better implementation of the workshop, which makes possible the dispute of meanings about the promotion of Quechua and its valuation for future generations. Future work could update the evidence, quantitatively test relationships between origin, assessment and linguistic attitudes, explore the subjective experience of student profiles or verify the effectiveness of pedagogical interventions. The research suggests taking educational strategies for language recovery from a comprehensive perspective that considers the dynamics of ethnic hierarchization that would permeate relationships in school.
In the context of Quechua revitalization policies, this research explores the profiles, attitudes and interactions presented in primary school students who are part of a Quechua workshop developed at the IE Gregorio Martinelli in Talavera, Andahuaylas, Apurimac region, in 2014. Surveys, classroom observations and interviews were carried out with groups of students and teachers. It is found that 1) the profiles are diverse in terms of degrees of bilingualism, given the urban-rural origin of the students, 2) the attitudes range between those coined as anti-quechua, selfcensorship and pro-quechua, the latter being supported by utilitarian, identity and vindicative reasons, 3) traits such as the Quechua language and traditional customs are used to stigmatize the “countryside” student as a person who generates rejection or sneering from the rest of the students identified with the urban and Spanishspeaking spectrum, however 4) different actors recognize a positive change in the valuation of Quechua in relation to the restrictions years ago, which would allow a greater and better implementation of the workshop, which makes possible the dispute of meanings about the promotion of Quechua and its valuation for future generations. Future work could update the evidence, quantitatively test relationships between origin, assessment and linguistic attitudes, explore the subjective experience of student profiles or verify the effectiveness of pedagogical interventions. The research suggests taking educational strategies for language recovery from a comprehensive perspective that considers the dynamics of ethnic hierarchization that would permeate relationships in school.
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Quechua--Estudio y enseñanza--Perú--Andahuaylas (Apurímac : Provincia), Discriminación racial--Perú--Andahuaylas (Apurímac : Provincia)
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