Reglas fiscales subnacionales y desempeño fiscal de los gobiernos locales
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
El objetivo de este trabajo es encontrar evidencia de que las reglas fiscales mejoran
el desempeño fiscal de los gobiernos locales. Además, se pretende evaluar si la
dependencia fiscal podría inducir a incurrir en excesos de gasto, y si los gobiernos locales
con población grande tienden a deteriorar su desempeño fiscal, al considerarse demasiado
grandes para caer en insolvencia y tener mayores presiones de gasto. El método empleado
es un modelo de efectos fijos con variables instrumentales, estimado mediante el método
de Mínimos Cuadrados en Dos Etapas (2SLS). Este enfoque permite controlar por
heterogeneidad no observada entre gobiernos locales y corregir posibles problemas de
endogeneidad en la variable de cumplimiento de la regla fiscal de deuda. Se trabaja con un
panel balanceado de 1781 gobiernos locales que incluye municipalidades distritales y
provinciales, para el periodo 2015-2023. La principal conclusión de este trabajo es que un
gobierno local que cumple la regla fiscal de deuda tiene un mejor desempeño fiscal; es
decir, cuando un gobierno local cumple la regla de deuda, su resultado primario entre el
ingreso corriente mejora en 1,467 puntos porcentuales. Adicionalmente, se encontró que
los gobiernos locales con mayor capacidad de generar ingresos mejoran su resultado
primario; por el contrario, el gasto en personal tiene una relación negativa con el resultado
primario, y ante una mayor cantidad de población, el resultado primario se deteriora.
Finalmente, los años de elecciones subnacionales 2018 y 2022 afectan el resultado
primario, a pesar de que no hay reelección de autoridades. Estos hallazgos subrayan la
necesidad de seguir aplicando reglas fiscales y evaluar estrategias para que los gobiernos
locales más endeudados reduzcan su deuda y tengan motivación de mejorar su resultado
primario.
The objective of this paper is to find evidence that fiscal rules improve the fiscal performance of local governments. In addition, it aims to assess whether fiscal dependence could lead to excessive spending, and whether local governments with large populations tend to deteriorate their fiscal performance, as they are considered too large to become insolvent and face greater spending pressures. The method used is a fixed effects model with instrumental variables, estimated using the Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method. This approach allows us to control for unobserved heterogeneity among local governments and correct for possible endogeneity problems in the debt fiscal rule compliance variable. We work with a balanced panel of 1,781 local governments, including district and provincial municipalities, for the period 2015-2023. The main conclusion of this study is that a local government that complies with the fiscal debt rule has better fiscal performance; that is, when a local government complies with the debt rule, its primary result among current revenue improves by 1.467 percentage points. In addition, it was found that local governments with greater revenue-generating capacity improve their primary balance; conversely, personnel expenditure has a negative relationship with the primary balance, and with a larger population, the primary balance deteriorates. Finally, the subnational election years of 2018 and 2022 affect the primary balance, even though there is no re-election of officials. These findings underscore the need to continue applying fiscal rules and evaluating strategies so that the most indebted local governments reduce their debt and are motivated to improve their primary balance.
The objective of this paper is to find evidence that fiscal rules improve the fiscal performance of local governments. In addition, it aims to assess whether fiscal dependence could lead to excessive spending, and whether local governments with large populations tend to deteriorate their fiscal performance, as they are considered too large to become insolvent and face greater spending pressures. The method used is a fixed effects model with instrumental variables, estimated using the Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method. This approach allows us to control for unobserved heterogeneity among local governments and correct for possible endogeneity problems in the debt fiscal rule compliance variable. We work with a balanced panel of 1,781 local governments, including district and provincial municipalities, for the period 2015-2023. The main conclusion of this study is that a local government that complies with the fiscal debt rule has better fiscal performance; that is, when a local government complies with the debt rule, its primary result among current revenue improves by 1.467 percentage points. In addition, it was found that local governments with greater revenue-generating capacity improve their primary balance; conversely, personnel expenditure has a negative relationship with the primary balance, and with a larger population, the primary balance deteriorates. Finally, the subnational election years of 2018 and 2022 affect the primary balance, even though there is no re-election of officials. These findings underscore the need to continue applying fiscal rules and evaluating strategies so that the most indebted local governments reduce their debt and are motivated to improve their primary balance.
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Palabras clave
Gobierno local--Perú, Finanzas locales--Perú, Política fiscal--Perú, Descentralización administrativa--Perú