Historia, organización y narrativas territoriales de conservación: el caso de la Comunidad de Pescadores Artesanales de Marcona
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Esta tesis describe y analiza cómo los pescadores artesanales de San Juan de Marcona
lograron que el Estado reconociera a su comunidad, sus prácticas pesqueras y su espacio
de pesca, a partir de un proceso histórico y político que tomó más de cincuenta años. El
estudio parte de tres conceptos centrales que orientan el análisis: la comunidad pesquera
artesanal, entendida como una construcción histórica y política que articula acuerdos
internos, liderazgos locales y marcos burocráticos; las narrativas territoriales, que combinan
memorias, prácticas y discursos mediante los cuales los pescadores convierten el mar en un
territorio comunitario; y los artefactos gráficos, que son documentos producidos por los
pescadores y co-elaborados con funcionarios estatales, que median la interacción con la
burocracia y traducen prácticas locales a categorías reconocibles por el aparato
gubernamental.
La investigación se desarrolló a partir de un enfoque etnográfico y documental, que incluyó
entrevistas con pescadores y dirigentes, observación participante y análisis de archivos
producidos tanto por la Comunidad de Pescadores Artesanales de Marcona (COPMAR)
como por instituciones estatales. Los hallazgos muestran que la legitimación del espacio de
pesca no fue producto de un hecho puntual ni de una concesión unilateral del Estado, sino
del despliegue de narrativas territoriales que combinaron acuerdos internos entre
embarcados y no embarcados, procesos de formalización administrativa y estrategias de
incidencia política que culminaron en la elaboración de decretos supremos que reconocieron
y reglamentaron el Programa Piloto Demostrativo (PPD). De este modo, muestra que el PPD
y su reglamento no solo ordenaron la vida interna de la COPMAR y regularon el acceso a
los recursos, sino que también proyectaron hacia afuera una narrativa territorial de
conservación que legitimó a la comunidad como sujeto político. En suma, el caso de Marcona
evidencia que el territorio pesquero no es un dato natural ni una concesión estatal, sino el
resultado de narrativas territoriales que, al cristalizarse en documentos, sostienen la
construcción de comunidad y territorio en permanente disputa. La tesis contribuye así a la
antropología peruana de la pesca artesanal al mostrar que la formalización y la producción
documental operan simultáneamente como mecanismos de control estatal y como recursos
de poder local para disputar reconocimiento y autoridad política en territorios pesqueros.
This thesis describes and analyzes how the artisanal fishers of San Juan de Marcona succeeded in obtaining State recognition of their community, their fishing practices, and their fishing grounds, through a historical and political process that unfolded over more than fifty years. The study is guided by three central concepts: the artisanal fishing community, understood as a historical and political construction that articulates internal agreements, local leadership, and bureaucratic frameworks; territorial narratives, which combine memories, practices, and discourses through which fishers transform the sea into a community territory; and graphic artifacts -documents produced by the fishers and co-elaborated with state officials- that mediate interactions with the bureaucracy and translate local practices into categories recognizable by governmental apparatuses. The research followed an ethnographic and documentary approach, which included interviews with fishers and leaders, participant observation, and the analysis of archives produced both by the Comunidad de Pescadores Artesanales de Marcona (COPMAR) and by state institutions. The findings show that the legitimation of the fishing grounds was not the result of a single event or of a unilateral concession by the State, but of the deployment of territorial narratives that combined internal agreements between boat-based and shorebased fishers, administrative formalization processes, and political strategies of incidence that culminated in the drafting and approval of Supreme Decrees recognizing and regulating the Demonstrative Pilot Program (PPD). In this way, the study shows that the PPD and its regulation not only ordered the internal life of COPMAR and regulated access to resources, but also projected outward a territorial narrative of conservation that legitimized the community as a political actor. In sum, the case of Marcona demonstrates that fishing territory is neither a natural fact nor a state concession, but the result of territorial narratives that, crystallized in documents, sustain the construction of community and territory in permanent dispute. This thesis thus contributes to Peruvian anthropology of artisanal fisheries by showing that formalization and documentary production operate simultaneously as mechanisms of state control and as local resources of power to contest recognition and political authority in fishing territories.
This thesis describes and analyzes how the artisanal fishers of San Juan de Marcona succeeded in obtaining State recognition of their community, their fishing practices, and their fishing grounds, through a historical and political process that unfolded over more than fifty years. The study is guided by three central concepts: the artisanal fishing community, understood as a historical and political construction that articulates internal agreements, local leadership, and bureaucratic frameworks; territorial narratives, which combine memories, practices, and discourses through which fishers transform the sea into a community territory; and graphic artifacts -documents produced by the fishers and co-elaborated with state officials- that mediate interactions with the bureaucracy and translate local practices into categories recognizable by governmental apparatuses. The research followed an ethnographic and documentary approach, which included interviews with fishers and leaders, participant observation, and the analysis of archives produced both by the Comunidad de Pescadores Artesanales de Marcona (COPMAR) and by state institutions. The findings show that the legitimation of the fishing grounds was not the result of a single event or of a unilateral concession by the State, but of the deployment of territorial narratives that combined internal agreements between boat-based and shorebased fishers, administrative formalization processes, and political strategies of incidence that culminated in the drafting and approval of Supreme Decrees recognizing and regulating the Demonstrative Pilot Program (PPD). In this way, the study shows that the PPD and its regulation not only ordered the internal life of COPMAR and regulated access to resources, but also projected outward a territorial narrative of conservation that legitimized the community as a political actor. In sum, the case of Marcona demonstrates that fishing territory is neither a natural fact nor a state concession, but the result of territorial narratives that, crystallized in documents, sustain the construction of community and territory in permanent dispute. This thesis thus contributes to Peruvian anthropology of artisanal fisheries by showing that formalization and documentary production operate simultaneously as mechanisms of state control and as local resources of power to contest recognition and political authority in fishing territories.
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Antropología económica--Perú--Estudio de casos, Pesca artesanal--Aspectos antropológicos--Perú--Marcona (Ica : Distrito), Pesca artesanal--Historia--Perú--Marcona (Ica : Distrito)
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