Gestión costos y rentabilidad de la pequeña minera: sistema de costos ABC/ABM en la empresa EEXAMIN S.A. 2019 - 2021
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
La pequeña minería en el Perú, al igual que otra actividad empresarial, se
desenvuelve en un entorno cambiante donde las empresas deben ser más
competitivas para permanecer en el mercado y obtener los beneficios deseados,
por lo tanto, cualquier acción de la empresa implica incidir en algún costo, siendo
estos el gasto económico que incurre la empresa para obtener ganancias que
superen su inversión inicial. La problemática surge cuando este tipo de empresas
carecen de un sistema de costos apropiado para su actividad y ciclo de
operaciones. Teniendo como resultado información distorsionada que complica
establecer la rentabilidad de la empresa y la toma de decisiones que maximicen
sus beneficios económicos a mediano y largo plazo.
Por lo tanto, los objetivos de la presente investigación son analizar el
sistema de costos que emplea la pequeña minería de oro en la región de Ananea -
Puno, tomando como caso de estudio la empresa Eexamin S.A., conocer el índice
de rentabilidad de la empresa y diseñar la implementación del sistema de costos
ABC que optimice la toma de decisiones de esta.
La presente investigación tiene un alcance descriptivo- explicativo, con un
enfoque cualitativo, basándose principalmente en un trabajo de gabinete,
comprendiendo etapas de planificación, revisión de literatura, diseño y reporte. En
cuanto al trabajo de campo, este se limitó a la verificación de documentación de la
propia empresa objeto del estudio en un horizonte temporal de 3 años (2019 y
2021). Lo que permitió identificar que la empresa no posee un sistema de costos
que registre ni determine adecuadamente los mismos.
Durante el desarrollo, la presente investigación se empleó la metodología
propuesta por Chambergo (2018) que establece un marco teórico enfocado al uso
del sistema de costos ABC de Robín Copper y Robert Kaplan como mecanismo
adecuado para la gestión de costos. Considerando que el sistema de costos ABC
se puede obtener información real de las actividades y sus costos, permitiendo
evaluar las actividades que generan valor de aquellas que requieren ser suprimidas
o rediseñadas. De esta forma, la utilización del sistema ABC permitió establecer
como gasta la empresa, más que declarar cuanto gasta la misma, propia del
sistema de costos tradicional.
El trabajo de investigación concluye que la empresa objeto de estudio,
Eexamin S.A., es rentable con una ROA de mínima de 16% y ROE de 24% y un
margen de utilidades de 8%. Durante el 2019-2021. Vinculado al precio del oro. En
cuanto a los costos de por actividades de minado y beneficio, estos concentran el
25 y 46% respectivamente. Siendo la mano de obra directa el 17% de los costos
totales durante el 2021. Por tanto, la empresa requiere mejorar sus procesos de
minado y beneficio. Puesto que la industria minera maneja una rentabilidad
promedio de 28% y un margen de ganancia de 8% en pequeñas empresas.
Small-scale mining in Peru, like other business activities, develops in a changing environment where companies must be more competitive to remain in the market and obtain the desired benefits, therefore, any action by the company implies influencing some cost, these being the economic expense that the company incurs to obtain profits that exceed its initial investment. The problem arises when this type of company lacks an appropriate cost system for its activity and operations cycle. Resulting in distorted information that complicates establishing the profitability of the company and making decisions that maximize its economic benefits in the medium and long term. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to analyze the cost system used by small gold mining in the Ananea - Puno region, taking the company Eexamin S.A. as a case study, to know the profitability index of the company and design the implementation of the ABC cost system that optimizes its decisionmaking. This research has a descriptive-explanatory scope, with a qualitative approach, based mainly on office work, including planning, literature review, design and reporting stages. As for the field work, this was limited to the verification of the documentation of the company itself that is the object of the study in a time horizon of 3 years (2019 and 2021). This made it possible to identify that the company does not have a cost system that adequately registers or determines them. During the development, the present investigation used the methodology proposed by Chambergo (2018) that establishes a theoretical framework focused on the use of the ABC cost system of Robin Copper and Robert Kaplan as an adequate mechanism for cost management. Considering that the ABC cost system can obtain real information on the activities and their costs, allowing to evaluate the activities that generate value from those that need to be suppressed or redesigned. In this way, the use of the ABC system allowed establishing how the company spends, rather than declaring how much it spends, typical of the traditional cost system. The research work concludes that the company under study, Eexamin S.A., is profitable with a minimum ROA of 16% and ROE of 24% and a profit margin of 8%. During 2019-2021. Linked to the price of gold. Regarding the costs of mining and beneficiation activities, these concentrate 25 and 46% respectively. Direct labor being 17% of the total costs during 2021. Therefore, the company needs to improve its mining and beneficiation processes. Since the mining industry manages an average profitability of 28% and a profit margin of 8% in small companies.
Small-scale mining in Peru, like other business activities, develops in a changing environment where companies must be more competitive to remain in the market and obtain the desired benefits, therefore, any action by the company implies influencing some cost, these being the economic expense that the company incurs to obtain profits that exceed its initial investment. The problem arises when this type of company lacks an appropriate cost system for its activity and operations cycle. Resulting in distorted information that complicates establishing the profitability of the company and making decisions that maximize its economic benefits in the medium and long term. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to analyze the cost system used by small gold mining in the Ananea - Puno region, taking the company Eexamin S.A. as a case study, to know the profitability index of the company and design the implementation of the ABC cost system that optimizes its decisionmaking. This research has a descriptive-explanatory scope, with a qualitative approach, based mainly on office work, including planning, literature review, design and reporting stages. As for the field work, this was limited to the verification of the documentation of the company itself that is the object of the study in a time horizon of 3 years (2019 and 2021). This made it possible to identify that the company does not have a cost system that adequately registers or determines them. During the development, the present investigation used the methodology proposed by Chambergo (2018) that establishes a theoretical framework focused on the use of the ABC cost system of Robin Copper and Robert Kaplan as an adequate mechanism for cost management. Considering that the ABC cost system can obtain real information on the activities and their costs, allowing to evaluate the activities that generate value from those that need to be suppressed or redesigned. In this way, the use of the ABC system allowed establishing how the company spends, rather than declaring how much it spends, typical of the traditional cost system. The research work concludes that the company under study, Eexamin S.A., is profitable with a minimum ROA of 16% and ROE of 24% and a profit margin of 8%. During 2019-2021. Linked to the price of gold. Regarding the costs of mining and beneficiation activities, these concentrate 25 and 46% respectively. Direct labor being 17% of the total costs during 2021. Therefore, the company needs to improve its mining and beneficiation processes. Since the mining industry manages an average profitability of 28% and a profit margin of 8% in small companies.
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Palabras clave
Empresas mineras--Planificación--Perú--Ananea (Puno : Distrito), Industria minera--Control de costos--Perú--Ananea (Puno : Distrito), Empresas mineras--Finanzas--Perú--Ananea (Puno : Distrito)