Impacto de la desinformación sobre la confianza de las instituciones electorales, en perjuicio del fortalecimiento democrático. Casos de desinformación en las elecciones presidenciales 2021 de Ecuador, Perú y Chile
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Date
2025-01-22
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La presente investigación evalúa dos variables que se han ido incluyendo en
agendas de investigación sobre los procesos electorales en la región, como son
el fenómeno de la desinformación y su impacto en la percepción de las
instituciones electorales. En ese sentido y tomando como casos, los comicios
presidenciales suscitados en el 2021 en Ecuador, Perú y Chile, se planteó como
objetivo caracterizar cómo se desarrolló la desinformación durante las campañas
electorales 2021 en Ecuador, Perú y Chile e identificar si la desinformación pudo
influir sobre la confianza de dichas entidades, con el riesgo de dificultar el
fortalecimiento de sus democracias.
El enfoque metodológico utilizado fue el cualitativo y la estrategia incluyó el
estudio de casos de la campaña electoral de la elección presidencial de los países
en estudio. Entre las técnicas que permitieron la obtención de información se
encuentran, la revisión bibliográfica vinculada, revisión documental y el desarrollo
de entrevistas semiestructuradas a especialistas de cada país.
Los resultados de la investigación señalaron que la desinformación estuvo
presente en las elecciones presidenciales de Ecuador, Perú y Chile, aunque con
distinta incidencia e impacto. Mientras que, en el caso peruano se identificaron
mayores actos de desinformación y un impacto sobre la credibilidad de las
instituciones electorales, en Ecuador los casos presentados generaron
desconfianza en un sector mediático, pero no en la ciudadanía en general. En el
caso de Chile, los casos de desinformación identificados no tuvieron efectos sobre
la percepción de los organismos electorales.
This research evaluates two variables that have been included in research agendas on electoral processes in the region, such as the phenomenon of misinformation and its impact on the perception of electoral institutions. In that sense and taking as cases the presidential elections held in 2021 in Ecuador, Peru and Chile, the objective was set to characterize how disinformation developed during the 2021 electoral campaigns in Ecuador, Peru and Chile and identify whether disinformation could influence the trust of these entities, with the risk of making the strengthening their democracies. The methodological approach used was qualitative and the methodological strategy included the case study of the electoral campaign of the presidential election of the countries under study. Among the techniques that allowed getting information are the linked bibliographic review, documentary review and the development of semi-structured interviews with specialists from each country. The results of the research indicated that disinformation was present in the presidential elections of Ecuador, Peru and Chile, although with different incidence and impact in each case. While in the Peruvian case, greater acts of disinformation and an impact on the credibility of electoral institutions were identified, in Ecuador the cases presented generated distrust in a media sector, but not in citizens in general. In the case of Chile, the cases of misinformation identified had no effects on the perception of the electoral bodies.
This research evaluates two variables that have been included in research agendas on electoral processes in the region, such as the phenomenon of misinformation and its impact on the perception of electoral institutions. In that sense and taking as cases the presidential elections held in 2021 in Ecuador, Peru and Chile, the objective was set to characterize how disinformation developed during the 2021 electoral campaigns in Ecuador, Peru and Chile and identify whether disinformation could influence the trust of these entities, with the risk of making the strengthening their democracies. The methodological approach used was qualitative and the methodological strategy included the case study of the electoral campaign of the presidential election of the countries under study. Among the techniques that allowed getting information are the linked bibliographic review, documentary review and the development of semi-structured interviews with specialists from each country. The results of the research indicated that disinformation was present in the presidential elections of Ecuador, Peru and Chile, although with different incidence and impact in each case. While in the Peruvian case, greater acts of disinformation and an impact on the credibility of electoral institutions were identified, in Ecuador the cases presented generated distrust in a media sector, but not in citizens in general. In the case of Chile, the cases of misinformation identified had no effects on the perception of the electoral bodies.
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Keywords
Presidentes--Elección--Perú, Presidentes--Elección--Ecuador, Presidentes--Elección--Chile, Desinformación--Perú, Desinformación--Ecuador, Desinformación--Chile