Plan estratégico para la quinua del Perú
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Date
2012-11-14
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La quinua es un producto oriundo de la región andina que ha sido reconocida en el mundo por su alto nivel proteico. Su cultivo, ha experimentado a lo largo de toda la historia peruana una serie de cambios genéticos que les han dado a los países andinos la exclusividad de su crecimiento a pesar que se han hecho esfuerzos para propiciar su adaptación a otros países.
El Perú es el principal productor de quinua y el segundo país que exporta este cultivo, principalmente, al mercado norteamericano y europeo. Las exportaciones, en los últimos años, se han incrementado a partir del año 2004, teniendo el 2005 y 2006 unos crecimientos de 95% y 124% respectivamente. Sin embargo, los volúmenes exportados son reducidos llegando a penas al 5%.
Una de las principales características del mercado de la quinua es la tendencia al consumo mundial de productos orgánicos; principalmente, por la orientación de la población de conservar los recursos naturales. Esto ha obligado a muchos productores y empresarios a ofertar productos libres de pesticidas, fertilizantes y fungicidas. Otra nueva tendencia es la quinua de colores, la cual es utilizada para la elaboración de productos exóticos. Ambas se han visto incrementadas en los últimos años, especialmente, en los países europeos y asiáticos.
Es importante, además, que la quinua tenga una mayor presencia dentro del mercado local, no solo para programas sociales, sino para la elaboración de productos con valor agregado los cuales son vendidos en los principales supermercados y mercados a nivel nacional. Lamentablemente existe un elevado porcentaje de autoconsumo que en algunos casos llegan hasta un 70%.
En el Perú, se cultivan diferentes variedades de quinua, especialmente en Puno donde se produce aproximadamente el 80% de la producción nacional, el resto se produce en otros departamentos de la sierra peruana.
El futuro es promisorio para la quinua peruana; sin embargo, sin un plan estratégico que haga viable su crecimiento y comercialización, el Perú podría estar perdiendo una gran oportunidad de mejora económica en el largo plazo, sobre todo, cuando serían los agricultores los principales beneficiarios.
Dentro de todo el proceso de investigación, se encontró que el Perú cuenta con importantes ventajas comparativas, así como oportunidades que pueden ser explotadas para desarrollar y posicionar la quinua en el mercado internacional y nacional. Sin embargo, para poder posicionar la quinua en el mercado nacional e internacional, es necesario superar los problemas que impiden que el producto sea competitivo, como la falta de economías de escala, falta de capacitación, información y la falta de integración y cooperación entre los eslabones de la cadena de producción. Hasta el momento, el sector de la quinua no ha tenido una estrategia integral de trabajo coordinadamente con todos los agentes, instituciones públicas y privadas.
La propuesta del presente trabajo de tesis es elaborar un plan estratégico para la quinua del Perú, para desarrollar la potencialidad del Perú en el mercado nacional e internacional, desarrollando ventajas competitivas que permitan la viabilidad, continuidad y rentabilidad de la quinua. Las principales estrategias a implementar son lograr la asociatividad y alianzas estratégicas verticales entre todos los agentes de la cadena, cambiar la tecnología de cultivo para incrementar la productividad y la calidad del producto, lograr los nichos de mercado aprovechando las nuevas tendencias de consumo, para incrementar las exportaciones y el consumo interno.
Quinoa is a native product of the Andean Region that is recognized in the world for its high protein level. During its cultivation quinoa has experienced genetic change which has given the Andean countries exclusivity to quinoa despite many efforts to grow this cereal on other regions. Peru is the main producer of quinoa in the world and the second largest exporter, mainly to the North American and European markets. In the last few years, exports of Peruvian quinoa have increased 95% and 124% although the export quantities are only 5% of the total production. One of the main characteristic of this market is its tendency to consume organic quinoa which maintains the sustainability of natural resources. This characteristic has obliged producers to lower the use of pesticides and fumigates that are damaging not only the environment but also human health. There is a new tendency as well which is to consume naturally colored products, know as “exotic” products. Quinoa has a color variety which is valuable in European and Asiatic countries. Quinoa has to become a better presence in the Peruvian national market, not only through social programs but also through commercials shops. It is a shame that actually big percentage of quinoa is consume by the producers themselves, only about 25% of the quinoa grown in Peru is sold commercially. Peru grows different varieties of quinoa, especially in Puno, a province of Perú where quinoa is about 80% of the national production. The future is a promising for Peruvian quinoa but without a strategic plan, we could suffer big economic and social loses. Inside the investigation process it was found that Peru has big comparative advantages which could be exploited to develop and to position quinoa in an international market. To reach this goal, it is necessary to face and to solve problems such as the lack of scale economies, training, integration and cooperation in quinoa production. Until now, the quinoa sector has not had an integral strategic plan. This work has developed a Peruvian quinoa strategic plan which is focusing on increasing Peru’s potentiality in the world market. The main strategies are association, strategic alliances, improve uses of technology, locally market niches improving exportations and internal consumption
Quinoa is a native product of the Andean Region that is recognized in the world for its high protein level. During its cultivation quinoa has experienced genetic change which has given the Andean countries exclusivity to quinoa despite many efforts to grow this cereal on other regions. Peru is the main producer of quinoa in the world and the second largest exporter, mainly to the North American and European markets. In the last few years, exports of Peruvian quinoa have increased 95% and 124% although the export quantities are only 5% of the total production. One of the main characteristic of this market is its tendency to consume organic quinoa which maintains the sustainability of natural resources. This characteristic has obliged producers to lower the use of pesticides and fumigates that are damaging not only the environment but also human health. There is a new tendency as well which is to consume naturally colored products, know as “exotic” products. Quinoa has a color variety which is valuable in European and Asiatic countries. Quinoa has to become a better presence in the Peruvian national market, not only through social programs but also through commercials shops. It is a shame that actually big percentage of quinoa is consume by the producers themselves, only about 25% of the quinoa grown in Peru is sold commercially. Peru grows different varieties of quinoa, especially in Puno, a province of Perú where quinoa is about 80% of the national production. The future is a promising for Peruvian quinoa but without a strategic plan, we could suffer big economic and social loses. Inside the investigation process it was found that Peru has big comparative advantages which could be exploited to develop and to position quinoa in an international market. To reach this goal, it is necessary to face and to solve problems such as the lack of scale economies, training, integration and cooperation in quinoa production. Until now, the quinoa sector has not had an integral strategic plan. This work has developed a Peruvian quinoa strategic plan which is focusing on increasing Peru’s potentiality in the world market. The main strategies are association, strategic alliances, improve uses of technology, locally market niches improving exportations and internal consumption
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Exportaciones en el Perú, Planificación estratégica, Quinua-Industria y comercio-Perú
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