Entre la precariedad y la empatía: los burócratas de la calle en la implementación del Programa Pensión 65 durante la pandemia del COVID-19 en Callería, Ucayali
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Date
2022-05-26
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Pensión 65 es un programa social que busca asegurar el bienestar de
adultos mayores que se encuentran en situación de pobreza extrema a través
de una pensión no contributiva y diversas intervenciones. Esta investigación
estudia la implementación de este programa en el distrito de Callería, Ucayali en
el contexto de la pandemia del Covid-19. Así, la pregunta planteada es, ¿de qué
manera la implementación de Pensión 65 ha sido afectada durante la pandemia
del Covid-19 en el distrito de Callería, Ucayali?
Para ello, se aplicó un diseño observacional de tipo cualitativo con herramientas
de recojo de información que priorizaron el trabajo de campo. Así, se realizaron
entrevistas semi estructuradas y a profundidad, observaciones no participantes
y participantes junto con los burócratas de la calle.
Desde un enfoque retrospectivo sobre la implementación de políticas
públicas y utilizando la teoría sobre los burócratas de la calle, se sostiene que
estos funcionarios utilizan su discrecionalidad en un contexto con dificultades y
retos que aumentaron en el marco de la pandemia. De esta manera, su trabajo
está marcado por la precariedad y por un Estado que los pone en condiciones
limitantes. Frente a ello, usan diversas estrategias discrecionales para lidiar con
sus labores, muchas veces, a costa de su propio bienestar ya que existe una
carga emocional y normativa a partir de sus interacciones con la ciudadanía.
Finalmente, la discrecionalidad y las acciones de los burócratas de la calle es lo
que permite que el programa se implemente durante la emergencia sanitaria.
Pension 65 is a social program that aims to ensure the well-being of older adults in highly impoverished conditions through a non-contributory pension and various interventions. This research focuses on the implementation of this program in the Callería district, Ucayali, during the Covid-19 pandemic. Thus, the question that guides the study is how the implementation of the Pension 65 National Solidarity Assistance Program has been affected during the Covid-19 pandemic in the Callería district, Ucayali? The research applied a qualitative observational design with information collection tools that prioritized fieldwork and conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews. Additionally, non-participant and participant observations were made together with street level bureaucrats, those in charge of implementing the program directly with citizens and representing the State. From a retrospective approach to implementing public policies and using the street level bureaucrat theory, the thesis emphasizes that street bureaucrats use their discretion in a context of many difficulties and challenges that increased during the pandemic. Furthermore, the work by these officials is precarious and governed by a State that puts them in conditions with many limitations. Faced with this, officials use various discretionary strategies to deal with their work, often at the cost of their well-being because there is an emotional and normative aspect to their interactions with citizens. In conclusion, it is argued that the street level bureaucrats’ discretionary actions allow a smoother implementation of the program during a public health crisis.
Pension 65 is a social program that aims to ensure the well-being of older adults in highly impoverished conditions through a non-contributory pension and various interventions. This research focuses on the implementation of this program in the Callería district, Ucayali, during the Covid-19 pandemic. Thus, the question that guides the study is how the implementation of the Pension 65 National Solidarity Assistance Program has been affected during the Covid-19 pandemic in the Callería district, Ucayali? The research applied a qualitative observational design with information collection tools that prioritized fieldwork and conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews. Additionally, non-participant and participant observations were made together with street level bureaucrats, those in charge of implementing the program directly with citizens and representing the State. From a retrospective approach to implementing public policies and using the street level bureaucrat theory, the thesis emphasizes that street bureaucrats use their discretion in a context of many difficulties and challenges that increased during the pandemic. Furthermore, the work by these officials is precarious and governed by a State that puts them in conditions with many limitations. Faced with this, officials use various discretionary strategies to deal with their work, often at the cost of their well-being because there is an emotional and normative aspect to their interactions with citizens. In conclusion, it is argued that the street level bureaucrats’ discretionary actions allow a smoother implementation of the program during a public health crisis.
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Keywords
COVID-19 (Enfermedad)--Aspectos económicos--Perú--Callería (Ucayali : Distrito), Personas adultas mayores--Perú--Callería (Ucayali : Distrito), Pensiones a la vejez--Perú--Callería (Ucayali : Distrito), Investigaciones evaluativas (Programas de acción social)--Perú--Callería (Ucayali : Distrito)