Informe jurídico sobre la Casación Nro. 8341-2022-La Libertad. El poder disciplinario y la libertad de expresión: el caso de las pancartas “injuriosas” exhibidas en una huelga
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente informe analiza la Casación Laboral Nro. 8341-2022-La Libertad,
mediante la cual la Corte Suprema confirmó el despido de cinco trabajadores por
exhibir pancartas con frases consideradas injuriosas durante la huelga del 31 de
julio de 2017. Así, se analiza si dichas expresiones constituyeron una falta grave
de injuria, prevista en el inciso f) del artículo 25 del TUO de la LPCL o si se
encuentran amparadas por la libertad de expresión en el marco de un conflicto
sindical.
El análisis se realizó a partir de (i) las normas constitucionales e internacionales
aplicables al Perú, así como de las normas procesales peruanas sobre la carga
de la prueba; (ii) la jurisprudencia nacional e interamericana sobre los derechos
en conflicto: libertad de expresión de expresión y libertad sindical, frente a honor
y buena reputación; y (iii) la aplicación del test de ponderación.
Se concluye que las críticas dirigidas a altos funcionarios de la empresa en
ejercicio de su cargo y en contexto de conflicto (huelga indefinida), carecieron de
ánimo injurioso y, por el contrario, tuvieron como objetivo denunciar situaciones
irregulares, lo cual goza de protección reforzada en atención al interés común
que representa el interés colectivo de la actividad sindical. Además, la Corte
Suprema omitió desarrollar el test de ponderación debido al conflicto de
derechos, tampoco analizó la protección del fuero sindical para los dirigentes ni
los indicios de nulidad de despido para los afiliados. De haberse considerado
dichos aspectos, se habría concluido la nulidad del despido.
The present report analyzes Labor Cassation No. 8341-2022-La Libertad, through which the Supreme Court confirmed the dismissal of five workers for displaying banners with phrases considered defamatory during the strike on July 31, 2017. Thus, it examines whether these expressions constituted a serious offense of defamation, as provided in subsection (f) of Article 25 of the Consolidated Text of the Labor Procedure Law (TUO of the LPCL), or if they are protected by freedom of expression within the framework of a labor dispute. The analysis was conducted based on (i) the applicable constitutional and international rules to Peru, as well as Peruvian procedural rules regarding the burden of proof; (ii) national and inter-American jurisprudence on the conflicting rights: freedom of expression and freedom of association, versus honor and good reputation; and (iii) the application of the balancing test. It is concluded that the criticisms directed at high-ranking company officials in the exercise of their duties and in the context of a conflict (indefinite strike) lacked defamatory intent and, on the contrary, aimed to denounce irregular situations, which enjoys reinforced protection due to the common interest represented by the collective interest of union activity. Furthermore, the Supreme Court failed to develop the balancing test due to the conflict of rights, nor did it analyze the protection of union immunity for leaders or the indications of dismissal nullity for members. Had these aspects been considered, the dismissal would have been declared null and void.
The present report analyzes Labor Cassation No. 8341-2022-La Libertad, through which the Supreme Court confirmed the dismissal of five workers for displaying banners with phrases considered defamatory during the strike on July 31, 2017. Thus, it examines whether these expressions constituted a serious offense of defamation, as provided in subsection (f) of Article 25 of the Consolidated Text of the Labor Procedure Law (TUO of the LPCL), or if they are protected by freedom of expression within the framework of a labor dispute. The analysis was conducted based on (i) the applicable constitutional and international rules to Peru, as well as Peruvian procedural rules regarding the burden of proof; (ii) national and inter-American jurisprudence on the conflicting rights: freedom of expression and freedom of association, versus honor and good reputation; and (iii) the application of the balancing test. It is concluded that the criticisms directed at high-ranking company officials in the exercise of their duties and in the context of a conflict (indefinite strike) lacked defamatory intent and, on the contrary, aimed to denounce irregular situations, which enjoys reinforced protection due to the common interest represented by the collective interest of union activity. Furthermore, the Supreme Court failed to develop the balancing test due to the conflict of rights, nor did it analyze the protection of union immunity for leaders or the indications of dismissal nullity for members. Had these aspects been considered, the dismissal would have been declared null and void.
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Despido de empleados--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Delitos contra el honor--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Libertad de expresión--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Huelgas y paros--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Derecho laboral--Jurisprudencia--Perú
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