Mejora del nivel de sostenibilidad del negocio comunal de producción de mandarina de la Comunidad Campesina Lomera de Huaral
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Date
2020-09-25
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
En la actualidad el centro de atención de las empresas no debe ser únicamente el
aspecto económico, pues los factores sociales y ambientales pueden tener un gran impacto en
su desarrollo y en el de la sociedad. Años atrás, en la continua búsqueda por el progreso, los
seres humanos hemos concentrado nuestro esfuerzo en el crecimiento económico, sin tomar
en consideración el impacto de nuestras acciones sobre los recursos naturales, afectando así a
futuras generaciones, pero hoy en día nadie puede negar que estas prácticas deben ser
cambiadas (United Nations Environment Programme, 1991). En ese sentido, es necesario un
desarrollo empresarial amigable con el medio ambiente y la sociedad, que no afecte a las
generaciones presentes ni futuras, es decir empresas sostenibles.
En el marco de lo antes descrito, la sostenibilidad es un concepto que ha evolucionado
a través de los años, derivándose inicialmente del desarrollo sostenible, el cual fue definido
por la Comisión Mundial de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo de Naciones Unidas como: “el
desarrollo que satisface las necesidades del presente sin comprometer la capacidad de las
generaciones futuras de satisfacer sus propias necesidades” y que actualmente busca integrar
objetivos ambientales, sociales y económicos (Márques, 2017). La sostenibilidad no pretende
que las empresas dejen de lado el aspecto económico, sino que den a los aspectos ambientales
y sociales la relevancia que ameritan, pues estos también pueden afectar negativamente su
desarrollo presente y futuro.
Este trabajo tiene como fin abordar los problemas de sostenibilidad que aquejan a la
Comunidad Campesina Lomera de Huaral (CCLH) en su negocio comunal de producción de
mandarina Satsuma, cuyo desarrollo presenta falencias principalmente en aspectos
ambientales y económicos, generado un alto nivel de preocupación en los miembros de la
comunidad. Si bien, ante este tipo de problemas suele plantearse soluciones de mejora de la
productividad o gestión, consideramos que es necesario abordar al negocio comunal desde una perspectiva de sostenibilidad, pues su desarrollo debe contemplar los factores necesarios
para lograr sus objetivos en armonía con la sociedad y el medio ambiente, permitiendo una
mejora en la calidad de vida de los comuneros en el largo plazo.
Para evaluar el nivel de sostenibilidad del negocio comunal es necesaria la aplicación
de una metodología que permita identificar de manera eficaz los puntos clave que deben ser
atendidos con urgencia, los que pueden ser mejorados y los que se encuentran en un buen
nivel, es decir las fortalezas y debilidades del negocio en materia de sostenibilidad. En el
presente trabajo se han evaluado metodologías de evaluación de sostenibilidad y se ha optado
por aplicar la metodología SAFA, diseñada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para
la Alimentación y la Agricultura. Esta metodología presenta una evaluación de las tres
dimensiones de la sostenibilidad: ambiente, social y economía, agregando una cuarta
dimensión: gobernanza.
Se ha elegido esta metodología principalmente por su enfoque en negocios agrícolasganaderos
y su soporte a pequeños productores, puntos que coinciden con el negocio comunal
de producción de mandarina de la CCLH. Además, se destaca el gran nivel de detalle de la
metodología, la cual a través de sus 116 indicadores permite un diagnóstico minucioso de la
sostenibilidad del negocio. Es con base en estos indicadores que se ha propuesto un plan de
acción, planteado actividades que permitan alcanzar la situación ideal en los temas críticos
identificados durante el diagnostico, procurando involucrar en esta mejora de la
sostenibilidad a los miembros de la CCLH.
At present, the focus of companies should not only be the economic aspect, since social and environmental factors can have a great impact on their development and that of society. Years ago, in the continuous search for progress, human beings have concentrated our efforts on economic growth, without taking into account the impact of our actions on natural resources, thus affecting future generations; but today nobody can deny that these practices must be changed (United Nations Environment Program, 1991). In that sense, it is necessary a business development friendly with the environment and society, which does not affect present or future generations, that is, sustainable companies. Within the framework of the above, sustainability is a concept that has evolved over the years, initially deriving from sustainable development, which was defined by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development as: “the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” and currently seeks to integrate environmental, social and economic objectives (Márques, 2017). Sustainability does not pretend that companies leave aside the economic aspect, but that they give environmental and social aspects the relevance they deserve, as these can also negatively affect their present and future development. The purpose of this work is to address the sustainability problems that plague the Lomera de Huaral Peasant Community (CCLH) in its communal production business of Satsuma mandarin, whose development presents flaws mainly in environmental and economic aspects, generating a high level of concern in the members of the community. Although, in the face of these types of problems, solutions to improve productivity or management are usually considered, we consider that it is necessary to approach the community business from a sustainability perspective, since its development must contemplate the necessary factors to achieve its objectives in harmony with society and the environment, allowing an improvement in the quality of life of the community members in the long term. To evaluate the level of sustainability of the community business, it is necessary to apply a methodology that effectively identifies the key points that must be addressed urgently, those that can be improved and those that are at a good level, that is, the strengths and weaknesses of the business in terms of sustainability. In this work, sustainability assessment methodologies have been evaluated and the SAFA methodology, designed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, has been chosen. This methodology presents an evaluation of the three dimensions of sustainability: environment, social and economy, adding a fourth dimension: governance. This methodology has been chosen mainly for its focus on agricultural-livestock businesses and its support for small producers, points that coincide with the CCLH's mandarin production community business. In addition, the great level of detail of the methodology is highlighted, which through its 116 indicators allows a thorough diagnosis of the sustainability of the business. Based on these indicators an action plan has been proposed, raising activities that allow reaching the ideal situation in the critical issues identified during the diagnosis, trying to involve members of the CCLH in this improvement of sustainability.
At present, the focus of companies should not only be the economic aspect, since social and environmental factors can have a great impact on their development and that of society. Years ago, in the continuous search for progress, human beings have concentrated our efforts on economic growth, without taking into account the impact of our actions on natural resources, thus affecting future generations; but today nobody can deny that these practices must be changed (United Nations Environment Program, 1991). In that sense, it is necessary a business development friendly with the environment and society, which does not affect present or future generations, that is, sustainable companies. Within the framework of the above, sustainability is a concept that has evolved over the years, initially deriving from sustainable development, which was defined by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development as: “the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” and currently seeks to integrate environmental, social and economic objectives (Márques, 2017). Sustainability does not pretend that companies leave aside the economic aspect, but that they give environmental and social aspects the relevance they deserve, as these can also negatively affect their present and future development. The purpose of this work is to address the sustainability problems that plague the Lomera de Huaral Peasant Community (CCLH) in its communal production business of Satsuma mandarin, whose development presents flaws mainly in environmental and economic aspects, generating a high level of concern in the members of the community. Although, in the face of these types of problems, solutions to improve productivity or management are usually considered, we consider that it is necessary to approach the community business from a sustainability perspective, since its development must contemplate the necessary factors to achieve its objectives in harmony with society and the environment, allowing an improvement in the quality of life of the community members in the long term. To evaluate the level of sustainability of the community business, it is necessary to apply a methodology that effectively identifies the key points that must be addressed urgently, those that can be improved and those that are at a good level, that is, the strengths and weaknesses of the business in terms of sustainability. In this work, sustainability assessment methodologies have been evaluated and the SAFA methodology, designed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, has been chosen. This methodology presents an evaluation of the three dimensions of sustainability: environment, social and economy, adding a fourth dimension: governance. This methodology has been chosen mainly for its focus on agricultural-livestock businesses and its support for small producers, points that coincide with the CCLH's mandarin production community business. In addition, the great level of detail of the methodology is highlighted, which through its 116 indicators allows a thorough diagnosis of the sustainability of the business. Based on these indicators an action plan has been proposed, raising activities that allow reaching the ideal situation in the critical issues identified during the diagnosis, trying to involve members of the CCLH in this improvement of sustainability.
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Responsabilidad social de las empresas, Planificación estratégica, Negocios--Estudio de casos
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