Capacidades y desigualdad de género en el ámbito escolar: explorando las aspiraciones, la voz y otras capacidades de estudiantes del Callao
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2025-04-02
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Abstract
La escuela es un espacio donde se transmiten conocimientos, pero también se
reproducen desigualdades sociales. Desde el enfoque de las capacidades, la escuela
debería ser un espacio para ampliar las capacidades de los estudiantes.
Esta investigación busca explorar las diferencias de género en la ampliación de las
capacidades de aspirar, tener voz, recibir respeto, reconocimiento, autoestima y
autoconfianza, y su relación con la desigualdad de género en el ámbito escolar. Se
utilizó un enfoque cualitativo, con trece entrevistas semiestructuradas, un grupo focal y
diez observaciones en el aula y el patio, analizando las experiencias de estudiantes de
primer año de secundaria en una institución educativa pública del Callao.
Los resultados indican que, en cuanto a la capacidad de aspirar, las chicas enfrentan
limitaciones por estereotipos de género, mientras que los chicos lo hacen debido a
ideales de masculinidad. En cuanto a la voz, las chicas participan menos debido a
timidez y vergüenza relacionadas con la socialización de género, mientras que los
chicos dominan los espacios públicos. La capacidad de recibir respeto, reconocimiento,
autoconfianza y autoestima se ve limitada para las chicas por una disciplina más estricta,
y para ambos géneros debido a la ausencia paterna. Además, la salud corporal se ve
afectada por factores como la violencia y el trabajo infantil. Finalmente, la integridad
corporal está restringida para ambos géneros debido a la tolerancia de la violencia y el
acoso en la escuela, con poca intervención de las autoridades, lo que normaliza
conductas agresivas, especialmente en los chicos.
The school is a space where knowledge is transmitted, but social inequalities are also reproduced. From the perspective of the capabilities approach, the school should be a place to expand students' capacities. This research seeks to explore gender differences in the expansion of capabilities such as aspiring, having a voice, receiving respect, recognition, self-esteem, and selfconfidence, and their relationship to gender inequality in the school environment. A qualitative approach was used, including thirteen semi-structured interviews, one focus group, and ten observations in the classroom and playground, analyzing the experiences of first-year secondary students in a public school in Callao. The results indicate that, regarding the capacity to aspire, girls face limitations due to gender stereotypes, while boys are restricted by ideals of masculinity. Regarding voice, girls participate less due to shyness and shame related to gender socialization, while boys dominate public spaces. The capacity to receive respect, recognition, selfconfidence, and self-esteem is limited for girls due to stricter discipline, and for both genders due to paternal absence. Additionally, bodily health is affected by factors such as violence and child labor. Finally, bodily integrity is restricted for both genders due to the tolerance of violence and harassment in school, with minimal intervention from authorities, which normalizes aggressive behavior, especially among boys.
The school is a space where knowledge is transmitted, but social inequalities are also reproduced. From the perspective of the capabilities approach, the school should be a place to expand students' capacities. This research seeks to explore gender differences in the expansion of capabilities such as aspiring, having a voice, receiving respect, recognition, self-esteem, and selfconfidence, and their relationship to gender inequality in the school environment. A qualitative approach was used, including thirteen semi-structured interviews, one focus group, and ten observations in the classroom and playground, analyzing the experiences of first-year secondary students in a public school in Callao. The results indicate that, regarding the capacity to aspire, girls face limitations due to gender stereotypes, while boys are restricted by ideals of masculinity. Regarding voice, girls participate less due to shyness and shame related to gender socialization, while boys dominate public spaces. The capacity to receive respect, recognition, selfconfidence, and self-esteem is limited for girls due to stricter discipline, and for both genders due to paternal absence. Additionally, bodily health is affected by factors such as violence and child labor. Finally, bodily integrity is restricted for both genders due to the tolerance of violence and harassment in school, with minimal intervention from authorities, which normalizes aggressive behavior, especially among boys.
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Discriminación sexual en la educación--Perú--Callao (Provincia Constitucional)--Estudio de casos, Estudiantes de secundaria--Perú--Callao (Provincia Constitucional), Niñas--Perú--Callao (Provincia Constitucional)--Condiciones sociales, Estereotipo (Psicología social)--Perú--Callao (Provincia Constitucional)
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