Conversión electrocatalítica de nitrato a amoníaco mediante nanohilos bimetálicos tipo espinela de CuFe₂O₄: un enfoque sostenible hacia la química verde
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La conversión electrocatalítica de nitrato (NO₃⁻) a amoníaco (NH₃) ofrece una vía
sostenible para simultáneamente mitigar la contaminación por efluentes nitrogenados
y producir un insumo de alto valor. Esta tesis aborda la síntesis, caracterización y
evaluación comparativa de nanohilos bimetálicos tipo espinela de CuFe₂O₄, frente a
sus análogos monometálicos Cu2O y Fe₂O₃, para la reducción de NO₃⁻ a NH3 en
medio neutro. Los materiales se obtuvieron por método solvotermal y se
caracterizaron mediante TEM, XRD y Raman para establecer su morfología, fase
cristalina y rasgos estructurales. El desempeño electroquímico se estudió con CV y
LSV; la cinética y el transporte de masa se analizaron con RDE mediante el enfoque
de Koutecký–Levich. La electrosíntesis en celda tipo H permitió cuantificar la
eficiencia faradaica (EF) y la tasa de producción de NH₃ usando el método
colorimétrico del indofenol con lectura UV–Vis. Se discute la relación entre
estructura (ocupación de los intersticios octaédricos/tetraédricos en la espinela),
propiedades electrónicas y selectividad frente a rutas competitivas como la evolución
de hidrógeno, así como la influencia de los parámetros operativos en la conversión.
A −0,9 V vs. RHE, la espinela CuFe₂O₄ alcanzó una eficiencia farádica (EF) de 98,7
% con una concentración de NO₂⁻ igual a 2,55×10⁻⁷ mol·cm⁻³, superior al Cu2O, que
mostró 94,80 % de EF y concentración de NO₂⁻ de 4,71×10⁻⁷ mol·cm⁻³. Los
resultados comparativos permiten identificar fortalezas y limitaciones de cada
sistema y aportar lineamientos para el diseño racional de electrocatalizadores de bajo
costo y alta selectividad para NO3RR hacia NH3 en condiciones ambientales.
The electrocatalytic conversion of nitrate (NO₃⁻) to ammonia (NH₃) offers a sustainable pathway to simultaneously mitigate nitrogenous effluent pollution and produce a high-value input. This thesis addresses the synthesis, characterization, and comparative evaluation of CuFe₂O₄ spinel-type bimetallic nanowires against their monometallic analogues Cu₂O and Fe₂O₃ for the reduction of NO₃⁻ to NH₃ in neutral media. The materials were obtained via a solvothermal method and characterized by TEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy to establish their morphology, crystalline phase, and structural features. Electrochemical performance was studied using CV and LSV; kinetics and mass transport were analyzed with RDE through the Koutecký–Levich approach. Electrosynthesis in an H-type cell enabled quantification of Faradaic efficiency (FE) and NH₃ production rate using the indophenol colorimetric method with UV–Vis detection. The relationship between structure (occupation of octahedral/tetrahedral interstices in the spinel), electronic properties, and selectivity against competing pathways such as hydrogen evolution is discussed, as well as the influence of operating parameters on conversion. At −0.9 V vs. RHE, CuFe₂O₄ spinel achieved a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 98.7% with a NO₂⁻ concentration of 2.55×10⁻⁷ mol·cm⁻³, outperforming Cu₂O, which showed 94.80% FE and a NO₂⁻ concentration of 4.71×10⁻⁷ mol·cm⁻³. The comparative results allow identification of strengths and limitations of each system and provide guidelines for the rational design of low-cost, highly selective electrocatalysts for NO₃RR to NH₃ under ambient conditions.
The electrocatalytic conversion of nitrate (NO₃⁻) to ammonia (NH₃) offers a sustainable pathway to simultaneously mitigate nitrogenous effluent pollution and produce a high-value input. This thesis addresses the synthesis, characterization, and comparative evaluation of CuFe₂O₄ spinel-type bimetallic nanowires against their monometallic analogues Cu₂O and Fe₂O₃ for the reduction of NO₃⁻ to NH₃ in neutral media. The materials were obtained via a solvothermal method and characterized by TEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy to establish their morphology, crystalline phase, and structural features. Electrochemical performance was studied using CV and LSV; kinetics and mass transport were analyzed with RDE through the Koutecký–Levich approach. Electrosynthesis in an H-type cell enabled quantification of Faradaic efficiency (FE) and NH₃ production rate using the indophenol colorimetric method with UV–Vis detection. The relationship between structure (occupation of octahedral/tetrahedral interstices in the spinel), electronic properties, and selectivity against competing pathways such as hydrogen evolution is discussed, as well as the influence of operating parameters on conversion. At −0.9 V vs. RHE, CuFe₂O₄ spinel achieved a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 98.7% with a NO₂⁻ concentration of 2.55×10⁻⁷ mol·cm⁻³, outperforming Cu₂O, which showed 94.80% FE and a NO₂⁻ concentration of 4.71×10⁻⁷ mol·cm⁻³. The comparative results allow identification of strengths and limitations of each system and provide guidelines for the rational design of low-cost, highly selective electrocatalysts for NO₃RR to NH₃ under ambient conditions.
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Materiales nanoestructurados, Nanotecnología, Electrocatálisis, Química del medio ambiente
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