La Confederación Peruano-Boliviana, orígenes y fracasos del confederalismo como medio de integración regional en el siglo XIX
Date
2022-11-07
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar las causas del
confederalismo en Hispanoamérica como medio de integración en el siglo XIX, así como las
razones que llevaron al fracaso a dichos procesos; para ello, se tomará como objeto de estudio
a la Confederación Peruano-Boliviana. Al ser una tesis de carácter histórico, la metodología
ha sido del tipo analítico sintético, utilizando técnicas del tipo analítico-documental. Ello nos
ha permitido llegar a las siguientes conclusiones:
En primer lugar, Los procesos confederados surgen como una manera de asegurar la
supervivencia de los Estados nacionales que nacen de las ex audiencias y/o capitanías
virreinales; sin embargo, la búsqueda de hegemonía por parte de algún Estado, así como la
desconfianza entre las élites de los mismos, terminó por fracasar dichos procesos.
En segundo lugar, a diferencia de Europa que la nación construyó al Estado, en América el
Estado construyó a la nación sobre la base de dependencias administrativas virreinales tales
como audiencias o capitanías. En ese sentido, la creación de los Estados Nor y Sur Peruanos,
sumados al Estado boliviano, buscó una convivencia equilibrada entre las tres antiguas
audiencias de Lima, Cuzco y Charcas.
Y, en tercer lugar, la Confederación Peruano-Boliviana no logró consolidarse en el escenario
internacional por la falta de una proyección geopolítica común entre sus miembros. Así como
la desconfianza entre las elites de los Estados mismos, que antepusieron sus propios intereses,
-y, en suma, los de su propio Estado- antes que los intereses comunes de la confederación.
The main objective of this research is to determine the causes of confederalism in Hispanic- America as a means of integration in the 19th century, as well as the reasons that led to the failure of these processes. To this object, the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation will be taken as a case study. This thesis has a historical approach, for this reason, the methodology we used is the synthetic analytical type, accompanied by techniques of the analytical-documentary type. This allowed us to reach the followingconclusions: In the first place, the confederative processes arose as a way to ensure survival among the national states that are born from the former audiences and/or viceregal captaincies; however, the search for hegemony by some national states, as well as the distrust between the elites of each state, caused the failure of these processes. Secondly, unlike Europe where the nation built the state, in America the state built the nation on the basis of viceregal administrative dependencies such as Real Audiencia or captainships. In this sense, the creation of the North and South Peruvian States, added to Bolivia, sought a balanced coexistence between the three old Real Audiencias of Lima, Cuzco andCharcas. And, thirdly, the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation was unable to consolidate itself on the international scene due to the lack of a common geopolitical projection among its members; as well as mistrust among the elites of the states themselves, who put their own interests and those of their own state first, rather than the common interests of the confederation.
The main objective of this research is to determine the causes of confederalism in Hispanic- America as a means of integration in the 19th century, as well as the reasons that led to the failure of these processes. To this object, the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation will be taken as a case study. This thesis has a historical approach, for this reason, the methodology we used is the synthetic analytical type, accompanied by techniques of the analytical-documentary type. This allowed us to reach the followingconclusions: In the first place, the confederative processes arose as a way to ensure survival among the national states that are born from the former audiences and/or viceregal captaincies; however, the search for hegemony by some national states, as well as the distrust between the elites of each state, caused the failure of these processes. Secondly, unlike Europe where the nation built the state, in America the state built the nation on the basis of viceregal administrative dependencies such as Real Audiencia or captainships. In this sense, the creation of the North and South Peruvian States, added to Bolivia, sought a balanced coexistence between the three old Real Audiencias of Lima, Cuzco andCharcas. And, thirdly, the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation was unable to consolidate itself on the international scene due to the lack of a common geopolitical projection among its members; as well as mistrust among the elites of the states themselves, who put their own interests and those of their own state first, rather than the common interests of the confederation.
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Integración regional, Confederación Perú-Boliviana, 1836-1839
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