El rol del objeto contractual en el ejercicio del poder disciplinario ante conductas desplegadas fuera del centro y del tiempo de trabajo
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente trabajo analiza los límites del poder disciplinario del empleador
cuando se pretende sancionar conductas desplegadas fuera del centro y del
tiempo de trabajo, es decir, en la esfera extralaboral del trabajador. El problema
central reside en determinar hasta qué punto el objeto contractual puede
extenderse para justificar sanciones respecto de conductas que, en principio,
pertenecen al ámbito personal del trabajador. Esta cuestión adquiere relevancia
especial ante la tendencia creciente de los empleadores a invocar deberes de
buena fe, la imagen institucional o la confianza legítima para sancionar hechos
ocurridos fuera del espacio físico y/o temporal del trabajo.
El análisis se sustenta en derechos fundamentales, como la dignidad, libre
desarrollo de la personalidad, libertad de expresión e intimidad, entre otros, así
como en los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad recogidos en el
ordenamiento jurídico peruano a nivel legal y constitucional en la normativa y
jurisprudencia. A partir de estos instrumentos, se sostiene que el ejercicio del
poder disciplinario solo es legítimo cuando existe una conexión funcional entre
la conducta extralaboral y el objeto contractual, y cuando la sanción se ajusta a
los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad.
Se concluye que el objeto contractual opera como límite estructural toda vez que
evita que el empleador desborde la relación laboral hacia la esfera personal del
trabajador. Asimismo, la adopción de medidas disciplinarias requiere realizar una
ponderación entre el objeto contractual y los derechos fundamentales del
trabajador acorde con los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad según
cada caso.
This paper analyzes the limits of an employer's disciplinary power when it seeks to sanction conduct occurring outside the workplace and working hours, that is, in the employee's personal life. The central problem lies in determining the extent to which the contractual purpose can be extended to justify sanctions for conduct that, in principle, belongs to the employee's personal sphere. This issue is particularly relevant given the growing tendency of employers to invoke duties of good faith, institutional image, or legitimate expectation to sanction actions that occur outside the physical and/or temporal space of the workplace. The analysis is based on fundamental rights, such as dignity, free development of personality, freedom of expression, and privacy, among others, as well as on the principles of reasonableness and proportionality enshrined in Peruvian law at the statutory and constitutional levels, in regulations, and in jurisprudence. Based on these instruments, it is argued that the exercise of disciplinary power is only legitimate when there is a functional connection between the conduct outside the workplace and the contractual purpose, and when the sanction conforms to the principles of reasonableness and proportionality. It is concluded that the contractual object acts as a structural limit, preventing the employer from extending the employment relationship into the employee's personal sphere. Furthermore, the adoption of disciplinary measures requires a balancing of the contractual object and the employee's fundamental rights, in accordance with the principles of reasonableness and proportionality in each case.
This paper analyzes the limits of an employer's disciplinary power when it seeks to sanction conduct occurring outside the workplace and working hours, that is, in the employee's personal life. The central problem lies in determining the extent to which the contractual purpose can be extended to justify sanctions for conduct that, in principle, belongs to the employee's personal sphere. This issue is particularly relevant given the growing tendency of employers to invoke duties of good faith, institutional image, or legitimate expectation to sanction actions that occur outside the physical and/or temporal space of the workplace. The analysis is based on fundamental rights, such as dignity, free development of personality, freedom of expression, and privacy, among others, as well as on the principles of reasonableness and proportionality enshrined in Peruvian law at the statutory and constitutional levels, in regulations, and in jurisprudence. Based on these instruments, it is argued that the exercise of disciplinary power is only legitimate when there is a functional connection between the conduct outside the workplace and the contractual purpose, and when the sanction conforms to the principles of reasonableness and proportionality. It is concluded that the contractual object acts as a structural limit, preventing the employer from extending the employment relationship into the employee's personal sphere. Furthermore, the adoption of disciplinary measures requires a balancing of the contractual object and the employee's fundamental rights, in accordance with the principles of reasonableness and proportionality in each case.
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Contratos de trabajo--Perú, Derechos fundamentales--Perú, Disciplina laboral--Perú, Proporcionalidad en derecho
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item.page.review
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