Ecosistemas y producción de alimentos: estudio de la relación entre la agricultura, la conservación ecológica y la gastronomía en el distrito de Frías, Piura
Date
2019-01-25
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
La agricultura es la actividad humana por excelencia que a través de los años se ha ido adaptando a las
distintas demandas y contextos temporal-espaciales. Actualmente, el Perú es un país que se caracteriza por sus actividades primarias, en especial por su agricultura de exportación mundial, pero también se distingue por la vasta agrobiodiversidad que ofrece y su gastronomía estrechamente vinculada a esta. Sin embargo,
también resalta por ser un país con comunidades de muy bajo nivel de desarrollo socio-económico y por
estar experimentado una amplia degradación de sus recursos naturales ocasionados por la misma actividad
agrícola. Es así que esta investigación se sitúa en el distrito de Frías, provincia de Ayabaca, Piura para
estudiar la estrecha relación entre la agricultura, conservación ecológica y la gastronomía en los caseríos
de Huasipe, El Común, Chaye Grande y Las Pircas, y de esta manera buscar proponer algunos lineamientos
generales para una gestión sostenible del territorio. A través de encuestas basadas en métodos
agroecológicos a agricultores (ISSPA), entrevistas a actores clave y pobladores, el mapeo de actores
sociales y el uso de SIG, se logró hacer un estudio orientado en el desarrollo territorial del distrito. Los
resultados más importantes demostraron cómo los problemas y debilidades percibidos por los actores en el
aspecto ambiental y el aspecto agrícola-productivo se evidencian también en las principales falencias de los
sistemas productivos de los agricultores. La deforestación de los bosques y la contaminación de los cursos
de agua son los dos principales problemas ambientales que padece Frías, los cuales repercuten directamente
en la actividad agrícola, así como la mayoría de prácticas agrícolas utilizadas son las que agravan estos
problemas y sus consecuencias, como la baja productividad de los suelos y el bajo nivel de comercialización
de sus cultivos. Por otro lado, gracias al mapeo de actores sociales se pudo profundizar en la importancia
de crear, mantener y fortalecer los vínculos entre organizaciones sociales y distintos actores del nivel
institucional y privado, ya que es allí donde la mayoría de proyectos e iniciativas ambientales y productivas
han tenido su mayor obstáculo para prosperar. Finalmente, la gastronomía introdujo a esta investigación
una nueva mirada para estudiar las dinámicas territoriales y redes en torno a esta actividad, y a tomar en
cuenta su inherente vínculo con la producción alimentaria y el medio ambiente. Es oportuno reflexionar
sobre el rol y valor de este nuevo pilar de desarrollo para aprovechar un contexto nacional como el nuestro,
dónde en los últimos años se están revalorizando cultivos nativos, agrobiodiversidad local y se está
propagando la demanda por prácticas agrícolas sostenibles y cadenas de comercio justo.
Agriculture is the human activity par excellence, which over the years has been adapted to different demands and temporal-spatial contexts. Currently, Peru is a country characterized by activities in the primary sector, including its global export agriculture, though it is also known for its great agrobiodiversity and related gastronomy. Nevertheless, Peru is also a country with very low levels of socio-economic development that is experiencing widespread degradation of its natural resources, in part caused by agricultural activity. This study analyzes the close relationship between agriculture, ecological conservation and gastronomy in four communities in the district of Frias, province of Ayabaca, Piura (Huasipe, El Común, Chaye Grande and Las Pircas), and seeks to propose general guidelines for a sustainable management of the territory. Through surveys based on agroecological methods to farmers (ISSPA), interviews with key actors and residents, social actor mapping, and the use of GIS, it was possible to analyze the territorial development of the district. Results show that the environmental and agricultural problems and weaknesses perceived are also evident in the main failures of the productive systems of the farmers. Deforestation and the water contamination are the two main environmental problems which directly affect agricultural activity in Frias, even though most of the local agricultural practices directly aggravate these problems. On the other hand, thanks to the mapping of social actors, it was possible to demonstrate the importance of creating, maintaining and strengthening the links between social organizations and actors at the institutional and private levels, which is where the majority of environmental and productive projects and initiatives meet with obstacles. Finally, the role of gastronomy is considered as a new lens for the study of territorial dynamics and networks, in order to consider the inherent link between food production and the environment. It is especially important to consider the role and value of this new pillar of development in the current national context in which native crops and local agrobiodiversity are being revalued, and the demand for sustainable agricultural practices and fair-trade chains is spreading.
Agriculture is the human activity par excellence, which over the years has been adapted to different demands and temporal-spatial contexts. Currently, Peru is a country characterized by activities in the primary sector, including its global export agriculture, though it is also known for its great agrobiodiversity and related gastronomy. Nevertheless, Peru is also a country with very low levels of socio-economic development that is experiencing widespread degradation of its natural resources, in part caused by agricultural activity. This study analyzes the close relationship between agriculture, ecological conservation and gastronomy in four communities in the district of Frias, province of Ayabaca, Piura (Huasipe, El Común, Chaye Grande and Las Pircas), and seeks to propose general guidelines for a sustainable management of the territory. Through surveys based on agroecological methods to farmers (ISSPA), interviews with key actors and residents, social actor mapping, and the use of GIS, it was possible to analyze the territorial development of the district. Results show that the environmental and agricultural problems and weaknesses perceived are also evident in the main failures of the productive systems of the farmers. Deforestation and the water contamination are the two main environmental problems which directly affect agricultural activity in Frias, even though most of the local agricultural practices directly aggravate these problems. On the other hand, thanks to the mapping of social actors, it was possible to demonstrate the importance of creating, maintaining and strengthening the links between social organizations and actors at the institutional and private levels, which is where the majority of environmental and productive projects and initiatives meet with obstacles. Finally, the role of gastronomy is considered as a new lens for the study of territorial dynamics and networks, in order to consider the inherent link between food production and the environment. It is especially important to consider the role and value of this new pillar of development in the current national context in which native crops and local agrobiodiversity are being revalued, and the demand for sustainable agricultural practices and fair-trade chains is spreading.
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Keywords
Ecología agrícola--Perú--Piura, Seguridad alimentaria--Perú--Piura, Desarrollo sustentable
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