Arqueología del conflicto en el campo de batalla Alto de la Alianza (1880): Cultura material, prácticas cotidianas y dinámicas posbatalla en el campamento aliado
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El campo de batalla del Alto de la Alianza (1880), ubicado en Tacna, constituye un escenario
clave para comprender, desde la arqueología, las dimensiones paisajísticas, tácticas,
logísticas y socioculturales de uno de los enfrentamientos más significativos de la Guerra del
Pacífico. Esta investigación analiza el escenario bélico articulando la interpretación de los
vestigios arqueológicos asociados a las prácticas cotidianas y de subsistencia en el
campamento aliado. El objetivo principal es destacar la relevancia de la arqueología del
conflicto y de los campos de batalla como enfoques que permitan interpretar la guerra desde
una perspectiva integral, crítica y humana.
La metodología empleada combinó excavaciones sistemáticas, análisis estratigráficos y de
cultura material, observación del paisaje, uso de tecnologías contemporáneas (drones y
georradar), y la revisión de fuentes documentales. Entre los principales resultados destaca la
identificación de la precariedad estructural del ejército aliado, reflejada en las deficientes
condiciones del campamento y la ausencia de fortificaciones de campaña efectivas. La
evidencia arqueológica revela una situación crítica términos logísticos y de planificación
militar, donde la reutilización de objetos y pertrechos constituye una respuesta cultural ante la
escasez de recursos. Asimismo, se documentó la transformación funcional del paisaje
mediante la reutilización de una trinchera inconclusa como fosa común. Los procesos
posbatalla fueron interpretados conceptos de perspectivismo temporal y palimpsesto
arqueológico, revelando una superposición compleja de eventos y resignificaciones que
evidencian la vulnerabilidad material y humana del ejército aliado.
The Alto de la Alianza battlefield (1880), located in Tacna, is a key site for understanding, from an archaeological perspective, the landscape, tactical, logistical, and sociocultural dimensions of one of the most significant battles of the War of the Pacific. This research analyzes the battlefield by articulating the interpretation of archaeological remains associated with daily life and subsistence practices in the allied camp. The main objective is to highlight the relevance of the archaeology of conflict and battlefields as approaches that allow for interpreting the war from a comprehensive, critical, and human perspective. The methodology employed combined systematic excavations, stratigraphic and material culture analyses, landscape observation, the use of contemporary technologies (drones and ground-penetrating radar), and the review of documentary sources. Among the main findings is the identification of the structural precariousness of the allied army, reflected in the deficient conditions of the camp and the absence of effective field fortifications. Archaeological evidence reveals a critical situation in terms of logistics and military planning, where the reuse of objects and equipment constitutes a cultural response to resource scarcity. Likewise, the functional transformation of the landscape was documented through the reuse of an unfinished trench as a mass grave. Post-battle processes were interpreted using concepts of temporal perspectivism and archaeological palimpsest, revealing a complex superimposition of events and reinterpretations that demonstrate the material and human vulnerability of the allied army.
The Alto de la Alianza battlefield (1880), located in Tacna, is a key site for understanding, from an archaeological perspective, the landscape, tactical, logistical, and sociocultural dimensions of one of the most significant battles of the War of the Pacific. This research analyzes the battlefield by articulating the interpretation of archaeological remains associated with daily life and subsistence practices in the allied camp. The main objective is to highlight the relevance of the archaeology of conflict and battlefields as approaches that allow for interpreting the war from a comprehensive, critical, and human perspective. The methodology employed combined systematic excavations, stratigraphic and material culture analyses, landscape observation, the use of contemporary technologies (drones and ground-penetrating radar), and the review of documentary sources. Among the main findings is the identification of the structural precariousness of the allied army, reflected in the deficient conditions of the camp and the absence of effective field fortifications. Archaeological evidence reveals a critical situation in terms of logistics and military planning, where the reuse of objects and equipment constitutes a cultural response to resource scarcity. Likewise, the functional transformation of the landscape was documented through the reuse of an unfinished trench as a mass grave. Post-battle processes were interpreted using concepts of temporal perspectivism and archaeological palimpsest, revealing a complex superimposition of events and reinterpretations that demonstrate the material and human vulnerability of the allied army.
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Arqueología militar--Perú--Tacna, Campos de batalla--Perú--Tacna, Batalla de Tacna (Alto de la Alianza), 1880--Restos arqueológicos