La Contaminación de Ambientes Frágiles: El Caso de la Industria Langostinera en la Zona de Amortiguamiento del Área Natural Protegida Santuario Nacional Los Manglares de Tumbes, Perú
Date
2023-11-24
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Nuestro país adoptó la acuicultura para generar empleo, crecimiento económico y
seguridad alimentaria para las poblaciones locales. Lamentablemente, la promoción
estatal no consideró todos los elementos adecuados que eviten la afectación a la
fragilidad de los ecosistemas de manglar. Por estas razones, estaría incrementando la
vulnerabilidad de los ecosistemas de manglar. Esta tesis se propone como objetivo
principal evaluar si se afecta o no el ecosistema de manglar del Santuario Nacional Los
Manglares de Tumbes (SNLMT) al no contar con límites máximos permisibles en la
industria langostinera y proponer una medida de control ambiental. La metodología
utilizada ha sido la triangulación de información, realizándose un muestreo de
fitoplancton cuantitativo en 11 puntos, ubicados en la frontera de los centros de
producción acuícola y el área natural protegida SNLMT, entrevistas a funcionarios de
los sectores involucrados y revisión de línea base (fitoplancton) de Estudios de Impactos
Ambientales de las empresas langostineras. Los resultados del muestreo señalan la
presencia de Skeletonema costatum en los puntos de muestreo F-02, F-04, F-06, F-09
y F-11, evidencia eventos de floraciones algales, agotamiento del fosforo en el medio y
la potencial afectación al ecosistema de manglar; los niveles de población fitoplanctónica
son hasta 26.8 veces más en el efluente que la del afluente; las entrevistas fueron
sometidas a las pruebas de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, teniendo una significación
asintótica de 0.004 a 0.038 y que la industria langostinera no afecta a la cantidad del
recurso hídrico, pero si en la calidad, desde esa perspectiva es consuntiva. Esto
concluye en la afirmación que la falta de LMP en los vertimientos de langostinos estaría
afectando al cuerpo receptor, siendo los esteros que conforman el SNLMT, y con ello,
vulnerando la fragilidad del ecosistema de manglar.
Our country adopted aquaculture to generate employment, economic growth and food security for local populations. Unfortunately, the state promotion did not consider all the appropriate elements that avoid affecting the fragility of mangrove ecosystems. For these reasons, it would be increasing the vulnerability of mangrove ecosystems. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate whether or not the mangrove ecosystem of the Santuario Nacional Los Manglares de Tumbes (SNLMT) is affected by not having maximum permissible limits in the shrimp industry and to propose an environmental control measure. The methodology used has been the triangulation of information, carrying out a quantitative phytoplankton sampling at 11 points, located on the border of the aquaculture production centers and the SNLMT protected natural area, interviews with officials from the sectors involved and baseline review (phytoplankton) of Environmental Impact Studies of the shrimp companies. The sampling results indicate the presence of Skeletonema costatum at the sampling points F-02, F-04, F-06, F-09 and F-11, evidence of algae bloom events, phosphorus depletion in the environment and the potential affectation to the mangrove ecosystem; phytoplankton population levels are up to 26.8 times higher in the effluent than in the influent; the interviews were subjected to Pearson's chi-square tests, having an asymptotic significance of 0.004 to 0.038 and that the shrimp industry does not affect the quantity of the water resource, but does affect the quality, from this perspective it is consumptive. This concludes in the affirmation that the lack of LMP in shrimp discharges would be affecting the receiving body, being the estuaries that make up the SNLMT, and with it, violating the fragility of the mangrove ecosystem.
Our country adopted aquaculture to generate employment, economic growth and food security for local populations. Unfortunately, the state promotion did not consider all the appropriate elements that avoid affecting the fragility of mangrove ecosystems. For these reasons, it would be increasing the vulnerability of mangrove ecosystems. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate whether or not the mangrove ecosystem of the Santuario Nacional Los Manglares de Tumbes (SNLMT) is affected by not having maximum permissible limits in the shrimp industry and to propose an environmental control measure. The methodology used has been the triangulation of information, carrying out a quantitative phytoplankton sampling at 11 points, located on the border of the aquaculture production centers and the SNLMT protected natural area, interviews with officials from the sectors involved and baseline review (phytoplankton) of Environmental Impact Studies of the shrimp companies. The sampling results indicate the presence of Skeletonema costatum at the sampling points F-02, F-04, F-06, F-09 and F-11, evidence of algae bloom events, phosphorus depletion in the environment and the potential affectation to the mangrove ecosystem; phytoplankton population levels are up to 26.8 times higher in the effluent than in the influent; the interviews were subjected to Pearson's chi-square tests, having an asymptotic significance of 0.004 to 0.038 and that the shrimp industry does not affect the quantity of the water resource, but does affect the quality, from this perspective it is consumptive. This concludes in the affirmation that the lack of LMP in shrimp discharges would be affecting the receiving body, being the estuaries that make up the SNLMT, and with it, violating the fragility of the mangrove ecosystem.
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Keywords
Ecología de manglares, Manglares--Perú--Tumbes, Santuarios nacionales--Perú--Tumbes, Uso del agua
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