El ‘Sendero’ del campo a la ciudad: Factores determinantes de la consolidación diferenciada de Sendero Luminoso en Tocache (1980-1994)
Date
2022-10-08
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Durante el Conflicto Armado Interno peruano, el actor insurgente más relevante,
Partido Comunista del Perú Sendero Luminoso, logró su consolidación más
profunda y prolongada en la región de Alto Huallaga. Sin embargo, 20 años
después del conflicto, aún no se conoce qué factores permitieron que la
organización establezca estructuras de gobernanza en la zona, ni cuál fue la
naturaleza de éstas. El caso de la provincia de Tocache demuestra que existe
una variación entre aquellas formas de gobernanza que se ejercieron: mientras
en el campo el control era mucho más profundo, gobernando aspectos de la vida
privada de los civiles; en las zonas urbanas las reglas impuestas se limitaban a
la provisión de seguridad y el cobro de impuestos. La investigación propone que
esta variación se debe a la convergencia de tres variables. En primer lugar está
la ausencia de instituciones estatales legítimas en ambas zonas; por el contrario,
se encuentra que, existían instituciones sociales fuertes en las zonas urbanas
que previnieron un control total de la vida cotidiana; finalmente, se encuentra que
la cadena de valor de la coca genera mayores beneficios económicos en zonas
urbanas, promoviendo la indisciplina dentro de la organización insurgente, y por
lo tanto, la flexibilidad las reglas que se aplican.
De esa manera, el presente trabajo resalta la relevancia de la interacción de
factores institucionales y los recursos naturales disponibles para determinar la
profundidad en la consolidación de actores insurgentes en escenarios de
conflicto armado.
During the Peruvian Internal Armed Conflict, the most relevant insurgent actor, the Communist Party of Peru Sendero Luminoso, achieved its deepest and most prolonged consolidation in the Alto Huallaga region. However, 20 years after the conflict, it is still not known what factors allowed the organization to establish governance structures in the area, or what the nature of these structures was. The case of the province of Tocache shows that there is a variation between those forms of governance that were created: while in the countryside the control was much deeper, governing aspects of the private life of civilians; in urban areas the rules imposed were limited to the provision of security and the collection of taxes. Our research proposes that this variation is due to the convergence of three variables. First, the absence of legitimate state institutions in both areas; on the contrary, it is found that there were strong social institutions in urban areas that prevented a total control of daily life; finally, it is found that the coca value chain generates greater economic benefits in urban areas, promoting indiscipline within the insurgent organization, and therefore, flexibility in the rules that are enforced. In this way, this work highlights the relevance of the interaction of institutional factors and the natural resources available to determine the depth in the consolidation of insurgent actors in scenarios of armed conflict.
During the Peruvian Internal Armed Conflict, the most relevant insurgent actor, the Communist Party of Peru Sendero Luminoso, achieved its deepest and most prolonged consolidation in the Alto Huallaga region. However, 20 years after the conflict, it is still not known what factors allowed the organization to establish governance structures in the area, or what the nature of these structures was. The case of the province of Tocache shows that there is a variation between those forms of governance that were created: while in the countryside the control was much deeper, governing aspects of the private life of civilians; in urban areas the rules imposed were limited to the provision of security and the collection of taxes. Our research proposes that this variation is due to the convergence of three variables. First, the absence of legitimate state institutions in both areas; on the contrary, it is found that there were strong social institutions in urban areas that prevented a total control of daily life; finally, it is found that the coca value chain generates greater economic benefits in urban areas, promoting indiscipline within the insurgent organization, and therefore, flexibility in the rules that are enforced. In this way, this work highlights the relevance of the interaction of institutional factors and the natural resources available to determine the depth in the consolidation of insurgent actors in scenarios of armed conflict.
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Terrorismo--Perú--Tocache (San Martín : Provincia), Sendero Luminoso, Coca--Perú
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