El contenido constitucional de la autonomía reconocida a las comunidades campesinas y nativas
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
Las comunidades campesinas y las comunidades nativas gozan del
reconocimiento constitucional de sus derechos desde 1920. Los últimos textos
constitucionales reconocen expresamente su autonomía en distintos campos, como la
organización interna y el uso y disposición de sus tierras, además de reiterar, en forma
excepcional, el reconocimiento de su existencia legal y de su personalidad jurídica. En
este trabajo se revisan esos tres aspectos de la autonomía reconocida
constitucionalmente a las comunidades. Aunque dicha autonomía está recogida
expresamente en la carta de 1993, la normativa infraconstitucional, así como algunos
defectos en la redacción del artículo 89 de esa carta, han generado una serie de
mecanismos que, en la práctica, recortan e incluso niegan las facultades que tal
reconocimiento constitucional debería aparejar, vaciando así de contenido a la referida
autonomía. Particularmente, al regular sus tierras o territorios, en sentido contrario a la
tendencia marcada por los organismos internacionales y la jurisprudencia de la Corte
Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, se han producido marcados retrocesos en el
reconocimiento de este aspecto, sustancial para su identidad, su mantenimiento y el
futuro de estas organizaciones. Se incluyen algunas recomendaciones para superar
esos problemas, lo que supone una revisión profunda tanto del texto constitucional como
de la legislación infraconstitucional.
Peasant and native communities have enjoyed constitutional recognition of their rights since 1920. Recent constitutional texts expressly recognize their autonomy in various areas, such as internal organization and the use and disposal of their lands and exceptionally reiterate the recognition of their legal existence and legal personality. This paper reviews these three aspects of the constitutionally recognized autonomy of these communities. Although this autonomy is expressly enshrined in the 1993 Constitution, sub-constitutional regulations, as well as certain flaws in the drafting of Article 89 of that Constitution, have generated a series of mechanisms that, in practice, curtail and even deny the powers that such constitutional recognition should entail, thus rendering this autonomy meaningless. In particular, by regulating their lands or territories, contrary to the trend established by international organizations and the jurisprudence of the Inter- American Court of Human Rights, there have been marked setbacks in the recognition of this essential aspect for their identity, their maintenance, and the future of these organizations. It includes some recommendations to overcome these problems, which involves a thorough review of both the constitutional text and the sub-constitutional legislation.
Peasant and native communities have enjoyed constitutional recognition of their rights since 1920. Recent constitutional texts expressly recognize their autonomy in various areas, such as internal organization and the use and disposal of their lands and exceptionally reiterate the recognition of their legal existence and legal personality. This paper reviews these three aspects of the constitutionally recognized autonomy of these communities. Although this autonomy is expressly enshrined in the 1993 Constitution, sub-constitutional regulations, as well as certain flaws in the drafting of Article 89 of that Constitution, have generated a series of mechanisms that, in practice, curtail and even deny the powers that such constitutional recognition should entail, thus rendering this autonomy meaningless. In particular, by regulating their lands or territories, contrary to the trend established by international organizations and the jurisprudence of the Inter- American Court of Human Rights, there have been marked setbacks in the recognition of this essential aspect for their identity, their maintenance, and the future of these organizations. It includes some recommendations to overcome these problems, which involves a thorough review of both the constitutional text and the sub-constitutional legislation.
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Derecho constitucional--Legislación--Perú, Comunidades campesinas--Aspectos legales--Perú, Comunidades nativas--Aspectos legales--Perú, Autonomía de la voluntad (Derecho)
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