La noción jurídica de daño ambiental de acuerdo al Tribunal de Fiscalización Ambiental del OEFA y su aplicación en el sector de mediana y gran minería en el Perú
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente trabajo analiza la controversia jurídica en torno al uso del daño potencial
como sustento para determinar la responsabilidad administrativa de un administrado en
un procedimiento sancionador tramitado ante el Organismo de Evaluación y
Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA). Esta categoría ha sido cuestionada por considerarse,
en muchos casos, insuficiente o inconsistente para acreditar la infracción, debido a su
aparente tensión con las garantías del procedimiento administrativo sancionador.
Para abordar este problema, se realiza una revisión normativa y jurisprudencial que
comprende los conceptos previstos en la Ley Nº 28611, Ley General del Ambiente; el
Anexo 4 de la Resolución Nº 005-2017-OEFA/CD, sobre la metodología de estimación
del nivel de riesgo ambiental; el Reglamento de Supervisión del OEFA —en sus
versiones 2019 y 2025—; y las resoluciones más relevantes del Tribunal de
Fiscalización Ambiental emitidas entre 2017 y 2025.
El análisis doctrinario identifica dos posiciones: una restrictiva, que exige la verificación
de un daño material para imputar responsabilidad; y una postura funcional, que
reconoce la necesidad de anticipar escenarios de riesgo significativo, especialmente en
actividades de alto impacto como la minería.
El trabajo concluye que, si bien el daño potencial es compatible con principios como el
de prevención, su aplicación requiere fortalecerse en lo relativo al análisis técnico que
sustenta la imputación, pues diversas resoluciones desarrollan este aspecto de manera
limitada. Por ello, se propone —entre otras medidas— incorporar de forma sistemática
la metodología de estimación del nivel de riesgo ambiental, lo que permitiría reforzar la
seguridad jurídica y consolidar la legitimidad del OEFA tanto como entidad de
fiscalización ambiental como en su rol de ente rector del SINEFA.
This paper analyzes the legal controversy surrounding the use of potential environmental damage as a basis for determining administrative liability in sanctioning procedures conducted by the Environmental Assessment and Enforcement Agency (OEFA). This category has been questioned for being, in many cases, insufficient or inconsistent to establish an infringement, due to its apparent tension with the guarantees that govern administrative sanctioning procedures. To address this issue, the study conducts a normative and jurisprudential review that includes the concepts set out in Law N° 28611, the General Environmental Law; Resolution N° 005-2017-OEFA/CD, which approved the methodology for estimating environmental risk levels; the OEFA’s Supervision Regulations —in their 2019 and 2025 versions—; and the most relevant decisions issued by the Environmental Review Tribunal between 2017 and 2025. The doctrinal analysis identifies two main positions: a restrictive one, which requires verification of material damage to impute responsibility; and a functional approach, which recognizes the need to anticipate scenarios of significant environmental risk, particularly in high-impact sectors such as mining. The study concludes that, although potential damage is compatible with environmental principles such as prevention, its application must be strengthened, especially regarding the technical analysis that supports the imputation, since several decisions develop this aspect only superficially. Accordingly, the paper proposes —among other measures— the systematic incorporation of the methodology for estimating environmental risk levels, which would reinforce legal certainty and consolidate OEFA’s legitimacy both as an environmental enforcement authority and as the governing body of the SINEFA.
This paper analyzes the legal controversy surrounding the use of potential environmental damage as a basis for determining administrative liability in sanctioning procedures conducted by the Environmental Assessment and Enforcement Agency (OEFA). This category has been questioned for being, in many cases, insufficient or inconsistent to establish an infringement, due to its apparent tension with the guarantees that govern administrative sanctioning procedures. To address this issue, the study conducts a normative and jurisprudential review that includes the concepts set out in Law N° 28611, the General Environmental Law; Resolution N° 005-2017-OEFA/CD, which approved the methodology for estimating environmental risk levels; the OEFA’s Supervision Regulations —in their 2019 and 2025 versions—; and the most relevant decisions issued by the Environmental Review Tribunal between 2017 and 2025. The doctrinal analysis identifies two main positions: a restrictive one, which requires verification of material damage to impute responsibility; and a functional approach, which recognizes the need to anticipate scenarios of significant environmental risk, particularly in high-impact sectors such as mining. The study concludes that, although potential damage is compatible with environmental principles such as prevention, its application must be strengthened, especially regarding the technical analysis that supports the imputation, since several decisions develop this aspect only superficially. Accordingly, the paper proposes —among other measures— the systematic incorporation of the methodology for estimating environmental risk levels, which would reinforce legal certainty and consolidate OEFA’s legitimacy both as an environmental enforcement authority and as the governing body of the SINEFA.
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Derecho ambiental--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (Perú), Medio ambiente--Administración pública--Control--Perú, Política ambiental--Aspectos sociales--Perú