Los requerimientos de capital en la legislación bancaria del Perú, su relación con la salvaguarda de los recursos del público y los nuevos estándares de Basilea
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2019-01-28
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
El presente trabajo analiza la evolución de los requerimientos de capital a los bancos en la
legislación bancaria nacional, su relación con la salvaguarda de los recursos del público
confiados a la banca y los efectos de los nuevos estándares propuestos en los Acuerdos de
Basilea con relación a esta materia. Primero describimos como se ha concebido la función del
capital social de los bancos. La base de esta descripción es la Ley de Bancos 7159, de 1931, que
además de asignar al capital las funciones tradicionales del derecho societario, le atribuía una
función de garantía para los depositantes y terceros acreedores.
El nuevo rol asignado al capital era reforzado porque este era empleado como un parámetro para
determinar la cantidad de dinero u obligaciones que los bancos podían tomar de los depositantes
y otros acreedores. Como consecuencia, los bancos debían incrementar su capital para crecer en
sus negocios bajo el enfoque de que cuanto mayor era este, mayor era la garantía que ofrecía a
sus depositantes y acreedores. Adicionalmente, la Ley fijaba una cantidad mínima de capital
requerido para operar un banco. De este modo, se asignó al capital otras funciones adicionales,
como servir de valla de acceso a la actividad para quienes deseaban ser accionistas de un banco,
imponer un tamaño mínimo de empresa y determinar el monto de dinero que podía captar el
banco.
Sin embargo, como analizamos en este trabajo, la concepción inicial sobre el capital varió en el
tiempo conforme la actividad bancaria creció e incrementó su participación en la vida
económica de los países. La preocupación de los reguladores se acentuó en la necesidad de
exigir, no solo capital, sino una mayor solvencia como mecanismo de protección a los
depositantes y acreedores frente a los riesgos. En 1974, producto de las crisis bancarias en la
década de los años 70 del siglo pasado, se creó el Comité Supervisión Bancaria de Basilea. Este
organismo internacional propuso el establecimiento de mecanismos que exigían niveles
mínimos de solvencia para reducir la desigualdad competitiva entre las instituciones financieras
sujetas a regulaciones diferentes en cada país.
El Comité de Basilea aprobó los Acuerdos de Basilea I, II y III desde 1988 hasta la fecha. Estos
se enfocan en exigir mayor respaldo patrimonial a los bancos en función de la calidad de sus
activos y los riesgos que afrontan. Para ello, se propone mejores sistemas de supervisión y
regulación bancaria como mecanismos esenciales para mejorar la garantía o cobertura que
deben ofrecer los bancos a sus depositantes y acreedores. La parte final de este trabajo se enfoca
en analizar cómo la legislación peruana viene adoptando estos Acuerdos y las interrogantes que
podrían presentarse por su incorporación en la regulación bancaria.
The present work aims to demonstrate the bank´s capital requirements evolution in our national banking regulations, its relation with public resources safeguard and the effects of the new Basel Agreements standards proposed in relation to this matter. First we analyze how the function of the social capital was conceived in banks. The basis of this analysis, is the Banking Law, number 7159, approved in 1931, which in addition to assign to the capital the traditional functions of the commercial society´s law, assigned to capital a guarantee function to depositors and creditors. This role was reinforced by using capital as a parameter to determine the amount of obligations or money that could be taken from depositors and other creditors. By associating the bank´s capital with the size of its operations, banks had to increase its capital, to be able to grow in businesses; under the focus that as bigger was the capital, bigger was the guaranty offered by the bank to its depositors and creditors. Additionally, when minimum amounts of capital to operate a bank were fixed by law, other additional functions were assigned to the capital, to act as barrier to possible shareholders accessing to the activity, impose a minimum size to the company, and to determine the amount of money that the bank was able to take from depositors. However, as is analyzed in this paper, this original conception varied along the time as banking activities grew and increased its participation in countries economic life. Regulator´s concern was accentuated in the need to demand not only more capital to the banks, but a greater solvency as mechanism to protect depositors and creditors against risks. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision was created on 1974 as a result of the banking crisis of the seventies in the last century. This international organism proposed the establishment of mechanisms to reduce inequalities in competition among financial entities subject to different regulations in each country, also required minimum solvency levels. Since 1988 up today, the Basel Committee approved the BASEL Agreements I, II and III. They focused in requiring more patrimonial support to the banks in relation to its assets quality and the risks that they face, proposing better supervisory systems and banking regulations as essential mechanisms to improve the guaranty or coverage that banks must offer to its depositor and creditors. The final part of this work focuses in analyze how the Peruvian legislation is adopting these agreements. Our work ends with the questions that may arise as a consequence of its incorporation in our banking regulations
The present work aims to demonstrate the bank´s capital requirements evolution in our national banking regulations, its relation with public resources safeguard and the effects of the new Basel Agreements standards proposed in relation to this matter. First we analyze how the function of the social capital was conceived in banks. The basis of this analysis, is the Banking Law, number 7159, approved in 1931, which in addition to assign to the capital the traditional functions of the commercial society´s law, assigned to capital a guarantee function to depositors and creditors. This role was reinforced by using capital as a parameter to determine the amount of obligations or money that could be taken from depositors and other creditors. By associating the bank´s capital with the size of its operations, banks had to increase its capital, to be able to grow in businesses; under the focus that as bigger was the capital, bigger was the guaranty offered by the bank to its depositors and creditors. Additionally, when minimum amounts of capital to operate a bank were fixed by law, other additional functions were assigned to the capital, to act as barrier to possible shareholders accessing to the activity, impose a minimum size to the company, and to determine the amount of money that the bank was able to take from depositors. However, as is analyzed in this paper, this original conception varied along the time as banking activities grew and increased its participation in countries economic life. Regulator´s concern was accentuated in the need to demand not only more capital to the banks, but a greater solvency as mechanism to protect depositors and creditors against risks. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision was created on 1974 as a result of the banking crisis of the seventies in the last century. This international organism proposed the establishment of mechanisms to reduce inequalities in competition among financial entities subject to different regulations in each country, also required minimum solvency levels. Since 1988 up today, the Basel Committee approved the BASEL Agreements I, II and III. They focused in requiring more patrimonial support to the banks in relation to its assets quality and the risks that they face, proposing better supervisory systems and banking regulations as essential mechanisms to improve the guaranty or coverage that banks must offer to its depositor and creditors. The final part of this work focuses in analyze how the Peruvian legislation is adopting these agreements. Our work ends with the questions that may arise as a consequence of its incorporation in our banking regulations
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Bancos--Perú, Bancos--Legislación, Bancos--Regulación, Riesgo (Bancos)
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