¿Por qué no extender el principio de inmunidad soberana en los procesos de reestructuración de la deuda externa como derecho de los estados ante los tribunales internos extranjeros? Reflexiones de los casos peruano y argentino ante los reclamos de Elliott y NML Capital.
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2020-01-24
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
En el desarrollo del fenómeno de la deuda soberana, la irrupción de los Holdouts o fondos
buitres ha generado una catarsis jurídica, en la necesidad de poder limitar su accionar
especulativo; en particular, cuando judicializan sus reclamos contra los Estados por el
pago de sus acreencias adquiridas en el mercado secundario de la deuda. En este
proceso, las sentencias favorables obtenidas por los Holdouts en los tribunales internos
designados en los instrumentos de deuda como los créditos sindicados y/o bonos
soberanos, en un primer momento, han sido objeto de atención por lo novedoso de la
interpretación de algunas de las cláusulas insertas en estos contratos como es la cláusula
pari passu. La presente investigación, a partir de la revisión de los casos Elliott vs Perú y
NML Capital vs Argentina, muestra que más importante que las acreencias reconocidas a
los Holdouts han resultado las facultades que gozan los mismos para poder bloquear las
reestructuraciones de la deuda soberana concertadas entre los Estados y la mayoría de
sus acreedores privados, conocidos como Holdins, bajo la supervisión del Fondo
Monetario Internacional, trayendo consigo adicionalmente el problema del default
soberano. En esta medida, se pretende sustentar que el principio de inmunidad soberana
debe extenderse a los procesos de reestructuración de la deuda soberana, a fin de evitar
que las demandas de los Holdouts interfieran el cumplimiento de los pagos que tienen a
su cargo los Estados con los Holdins, afianzándose de este modo la estabilidad
económica y financiera de los entes soberanos y de la Comunidad Internacional.
In the development of the phenomenon of sovereign debt, the irruption of Holdouts or vulture funds has generated a legal catharsis, in the need to be able to limit its speculative actions; in particular, when they prosecute their claims against the States for the payment of their debts acquired in the secondary market of the debt. In this process, the favorable judgments obtained by the Holdouts in the domestic courts designated in debt instruments such as syndicated loans and / or sovereign bonds, at first, have been the subject of attention because of the novelty of the interpretation of some of the the clauses inserted in these contracts such as the pari passu clause. The present investigation, from the review of the Elliott vs. Peru and NML Capital vs. Argentina cases, shows that more important than the credits recognized to the Holdouts have been the faculties enjoyed by the latter in order to block the restructuring of the sovereign debt celebrated between the States and most of its private creditors, known as Holdins, under the supervision of the International Monetary Fund, bringing with it additionally the problem of sovereign default. In this measure, it is intended to support the principle of sovereign immunity should be extended to the processes of sovereign debt restructuring, in order to avoid that the demands of the Holdouts interfere with the fulfillment of the payments that are held by the States with the Holdins, consolidating in this way the economic and financial stability of sovereign entities and the International Community.
In the development of the phenomenon of sovereign debt, the irruption of Holdouts or vulture funds has generated a legal catharsis, in the need to be able to limit its speculative actions; in particular, when they prosecute their claims against the States for the payment of their debts acquired in the secondary market of the debt. In this process, the favorable judgments obtained by the Holdouts in the domestic courts designated in debt instruments such as syndicated loans and / or sovereign bonds, at first, have been the subject of attention because of the novelty of the interpretation of some of the the clauses inserted in these contracts such as the pari passu clause. The present investigation, from the review of the Elliott vs. Peru and NML Capital vs. Argentina cases, shows that more important than the credits recognized to the Holdouts have been the faculties enjoyed by the latter in order to block the restructuring of the sovereign debt celebrated between the States and most of its private creditors, known as Holdins, under the supervision of the International Monetary Fund, bringing with it additionally the problem of sovereign default. In this measure, it is intended to support the principle of sovereign immunity should be extended to the processes of sovereign debt restructuring, in order to avoid that the demands of the Holdouts interfere with the fulfillment of the payments that are held by the States with the Holdins, consolidating in this way the economic and financial stability of sovereign entities and the International Community.
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Inmunidades de estados extranjeros, Fondo de inversiones, Deuda externa--América Latina--Estudio de casos, Derecho internacional económico--América Latina
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