Requisitos restrictivos para la reincorporación de las mujeres por embarazo o maternidad en la formación militar
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El presente informe analiza los requisitos establecidos en el artículo 8 del Anexo
E del Decreto Supremo N.º 009-2019-DE, los cuales regulan el reingreso de las
mujeres embarazadas o madres en los institutos de formación militar. En el
análisis se demuestra que estas disposiciones, pese a estar redactadas bajo una
apariencia de neutralidad administrativa, configuran una discriminación indirecta
por razón de género, al imponer condiciones desproporcionadas que afectan
principalmente a las mujeres y generan barreras estructurales para el ejercicio
de sus derechos. Se sostiene que los requisitos vulneran los derechos
constitucionales a la igualdad, a la educación y al libre desarrollo de la
personalidad, reconocidos por la Constitución Política del Perú y los tratados
internacionales ratificados por el Estado, en especial la CEDAW y la Convención
Americana sobre Derechos Humanos.
Asimismo, se aplica el test de igualdad desarrollado por el Tribunal
Constitucional en el caso Profa (Exp. N.º 00045-2004-PI/TC) y el control de
convencionalidad, a fin de determinar que las medidas adoptadas por el
reglamento militar superan la idoneidad formal, pero no la necesidad ni la
proporcionalidad, al existir alternativas menos restrictivas que permitirían cumplir
los fines institucionales sin vulnerar derechos fundamentales. Finalmente, se
concluye que los requisitos del Decreto Supremo N.º 009-2019-DE resultan
incompatibles con el orden constitucional y convencional vigente,
recomendándose su reforma integral con enfoque de igualdad sustantiva y
derechos humanos, conforme a los principios del Buen Gobierno y la dignidad
humana.
This present report analyzes the requirements established in Article 8 of Annex E of Supreme Decree No. 009-2019-DE, which regulate the reinstatement of pregnant women or mothers in Peru’s military training institutes. The analysis demonstrates that these provisions, although drafted with an appearance of administrative neutrality, constitute indirect discrimination based on gender, as they impose disproportionate conditions that primarily affect women and create structural barriers to the exercise of their rights. It is argued that these requirements violate the constitutional rights to equality, education, and the free development of personality, as recognized by the Political Constitution of Peru and by the international treaties ratified by the State, particularly the CEDAW and the American Convention on Human Rights. Furthermore, the equality test developed by the Constitutional Court in the Profa case (Exp. No. 00045-2004-PI/TC) and the control of conventionality are applied to determine that the measures adopted by the military regulation meet the requirement of formal suitability but fail the necessity and proportionality tests, since there are less restrictive alternatives that would allow institutional objectives to be achieved without infringing fundamental rights. Finally, it is concluded that the requirements set forth in Supreme Decree No. 009-2019-DE are incompatible with the current constitutional and conventional order, and their comprehensive reform is recommended, incorporating an approach based on substantive equality and human rights, in accordance with the principles of Good Governance and human dignity.
This present report analyzes the requirements established in Article 8 of Annex E of Supreme Decree No. 009-2019-DE, which regulate the reinstatement of pregnant women or mothers in Peru’s military training institutes. The analysis demonstrates that these provisions, although drafted with an appearance of administrative neutrality, constitute indirect discrimination based on gender, as they impose disproportionate conditions that primarily affect women and create structural barriers to the exercise of their rights. It is argued that these requirements violate the constitutional rights to equality, education, and the free development of personality, as recognized by the Political Constitution of Peru and by the international treaties ratified by the State, particularly the CEDAW and the American Convention on Human Rights. Furthermore, the equality test developed by the Constitutional Court in the Profa case (Exp. No. 00045-2004-PI/TC) and the control of conventionality are applied to determine that the measures adopted by the military regulation meet the requirement of formal suitability but fail the necessity and proportionality tests, since there are less restrictive alternatives that would allow institutional objectives to be achieved without infringing fundamental rights. Finally, it is concluded that the requirements set forth in Supreme Decree No. 009-2019-DE are incompatible with the current constitutional and conventional order, and their comprehensive reform is recommended, incorporating an approach based on substantive equality and human rights, in accordance with the principles of Good Governance and human dignity.
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Educación militar--Perú, Mujeres embarazadas--Perú, Derecho a la educación--Perú, Discriminación sexual contra las mujeres--Perú
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