Revalorizando el bosque seco de algarrobo : estudio y análisis de la biodiversidad, distribución y conservación de los bosques secos en Lambayeque
Date
2015-10-12
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
En nuestro planeta, gran parte del área continental ha estado cubierta de bosques por millones de años. En
el Perú, tanto la costa, la sierra como la selva poseen grandes bosques, que en conjunto ocupan el 51% del
territorio. Los bosques secos son ecosistemas característicos de la costa norte peruana, siendo su especie
clave el algarrobo (Prosopis pallida), la cual que no solo representa un valor ecológico sino también
económico para las comunidades aledañas a dichos ecosistemas. Esta investigación se centra en los
bosques de Lambayeque, siendo definidos como representaciones de bosques secos de algarrobo los que
se ubican en el Santuario Histórico Bosque de Pómac, el ACP Chaparrí y el ACR Huacrupe La Calera.
Actualmente, es evidente que los procesos de deforestación son las causas más fuertes de la reducción de
muchas especies forestales. Esto en conjunto con los bruscos cambios de uso de suelo, los incendios
forestales de origen antrópico y el cambio climático vienen afectando a las comunidades humanas y muchas
poblaciones de especies animales y vegetales. Una de las especies que se ve amenazada por estos
factores es, precisamente, el algarrobo, por lo que su conservación junto al ecosistema de bosque seco en
su plenitud es prioritaria. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta tesis es identificar y plantear qué estrategias son las
más adecuadas para conservar y gestionar los bosques secos de manera integrada, de manera que se
valoricen los recursos y servicios que ofrecen estos ecosistemas. Se trabajó una metodología basada en
biogeografía de la conservación, la cual incluyó métodos de modelamiento de distribución de especies
(MDE), sensores remotos y sistemas de información geográfica (SIG). Se utilizó el software Maxent, un
programa de modelamiento basado en el principio de máxima entropía, para obtener la distribución
potencial presente del algarrobo, así como la distribución potencial futura (para el año 2050) bajo dos
escenarios RCP 2,6 y 8,5, resultando en un inesperado aumento en la potencialidad del norte peruano para
albergar la especie. Para conocer la dinámica de los bosques secos en cuanto a cambios en cobertura
vegetal, frecuencia de incendios y fragmentación del paisaje se utilizaron herramientas SIG y de
teledetección (como el NDVI) para realizar un análisis espacial y multitemporal, dando como resultado
variaciones en la cobertura vegetal, pero que tienden a la reducción de la vegetación hacia los últimos años.
Además, se evidencia una ampliación de la frontera agrícola debido principalmente a la deforestación. Por
otra parte, no se puede omitir el rol de los eventos del ENSO en una zona como esta, pues sus efectos
influyen en la regeneración de sus bosques. El trabajo de campo consistió en dos partes esenciales: en
primer lugar, obtener el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) del algarrobo en el bosque seco. El método de
muestreo realizado fue el punto – centro – cuadrado, obteniendo un valor de 53,01 para el algarrobo,
además de conocer la composición florística del bosque, tomando como referencia principal el ACR
Huacrupe. En segundo lugar, se aplicaron encuestas y entrevistas a actores clave, guardaparques y a la
población local, quienes confirmaron la importancia de la especie para el mantenimiento de los bosques
secos y como aporte y hasta sustento económico de diversas comunidades, así como la preocupante
situación de la deforestación, principalmente ilegal para fines comerciales, degradación y continua reducción
de los árboles de algarrobo.
On our planet, much of the continental area has been forested for millions of years. In Peru, the coast, highlands and jungle, have large forests, which together occupy 51% of the territory. Dry forests are characteristic ecosystems of the northern coast of Peru, and its key species Prosopis pallida, which represents not only an ecological but also economic value to communities surrounding these ecosystems. This research focuses on the forests of Lambayeque, being defined as representations of dry forests of carob tree those located in the Pomac Forest Historical Sanctuary, the ACP Chaparrí and ACR Huacrupe La Calera. Currently, it is clear that deforestation is the strongest cause of the reduction of many forest species. This coupled with the rapid changes in land use, forest fires and climate change are affecting many human communities and populations of animals and plants. One species that is threatened by these factors is, precisely, carob tree, so conservation along the dry forest ecosystem in its fullness is a priority. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to identify and propose what strategies are most appropriate to conserve and manage the dry forests in an integrated manner so that resources and services offered by these ecosystems could be valorized. A methodology based on conservation biogeography, which included methods of species distribution modeling (MDE), remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS), was worked. The Maxent software, a modeling program based on the principle of maximum entropy, for the present potential of the carob tree distribution, and its potential future distribution (2050) under two scenarios RCP 2,6 and 8,5 was used, resulting in an unexpected increase in the potential of northern Peru to host the species. To understand the dynamics of dry forests in terms of changes in land cover, fire frequency and landscape fragmentation, GIS tools and remote sensing methods (such as NDVI) were used to perform a spatial and multi-temporal analysis, resulting in variations in coverage plant, but they tend to reduce the vegetation to recent years. Furthermore, there is a clear expansion of the agricultural frontier, mainly due to deforestation. Moreover, one cannot ignore the role of ENSO events in an area like this, since their effects influence the regeneration of forests. The field work consisted of two main parts. In first place, to obtain the importance value index (IVI) of the carob tree dry forest. The sampling method was the point – centered – quarter, obtaining a value of 53,01 for the carob tree, besides knowing the floristic composition of the forest, taking as main reference the ACR Huacrupe. In second place and finally, surveys and interviews with key players, park rangers and local people applied who confirmed the importance of the species to the maintenance of dry forests and as a contribution and economic support to various communities as well as the worrying situation of deforestation, illegal primarily for commercial purposes, habitat fragmentation, degradation and continuous reduction of carob trees.
On our planet, much of the continental area has been forested for millions of years. In Peru, the coast, highlands and jungle, have large forests, which together occupy 51% of the territory. Dry forests are characteristic ecosystems of the northern coast of Peru, and its key species Prosopis pallida, which represents not only an ecological but also economic value to communities surrounding these ecosystems. This research focuses on the forests of Lambayeque, being defined as representations of dry forests of carob tree those located in the Pomac Forest Historical Sanctuary, the ACP Chaparrí and ACR Huacrupe La Calera. Currently, it is clear that deforestation is the strongest cause of the reduction of many forest species. This coupled with the rapid changes in land use, forest fires and climate change are affecting many human communities and populations of animals and plants. One species that is threatened by these factors is, precisely, carob tree, so conservation along the dry forest ecosystem in its fullness is a priority. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to identify and propose what strategies are most appropriate to conserve and manage the dry forests in an integrated manner so that resources and services offered by these ecosystems could be valorized. A methodology based on conservation biogeography, which included methods of species distribution modeling (MDE), remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS), was worked. The Maxent software, a modeling program based on the principle of maximum entropy, for the present potential of the carob tree distribution, and its potential future distribution (2050) under two scenarios RCP 2,6 and 8,5 was used, resulting in an unexpected increase in the potential of northern Peru to host the species. To understand the dynamics of dry forests in terms of changes in land cover, fire frequency and landscape fragmentation, GIS tools and remote sensing methods (such as NDVI) were used to perform a spatial and multi-temporal analysis, resulting in variations in coverage plant, but they tend to reduce the vegetation to recent years. Furthermore, there is a clear expansion of the agricultural frontier, mainly due to deforestation. Moreover, one cannot ignore the role of ENSO events in an area like this, since their effects influence the regeneration of forests. The field work consisted of two main parts. In first place, to obtain the importance value index (IVI) of the carob tree dry forest. The sampling method was the point – centered – quarter, obtaining a value of 53,01 for the carob tree, besides knowing the floristic composition of the forest, taking as main reference the ACR Huacrupe. In second place and finally, surveys and interviews with key players, park rangers and local people applied who confirmed the importance of the species to the maintenance of dry forests and as a contribution and economic support to various communities as well as the worrying situation of deforestation, illegal primarily for commercial purposes, habitat fragmentation, degradation and continuous reduction of carob trees.
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Keywords
Santuario Histórico Bosque del Pómac (Perú)--Geografía, Algarrobo, Bosques--Perú--Lambayeque, Lambayeque--Geografía
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