La carta fianza en el Perú: análisis crítico de su naturaleza jurídica y propuesta de regulación autónoma
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
La carta fianza bancaria es un instrumento ampliamente utilizado en la práctica contractual y
financiera del Perú. No obstante, su regulación actual resulta inadecuada, al ser tratada como
una fianza civil conforme al Código Civil peruano, lo que introduce elementos de accesoriedad y
confusión en su ejecución. Esta configuración contrasta con la naturaleza autónoma y abstracta
que caracteriza a las garantías a primer requerimiento en la práctica bancaria internacional.
El presente artículo identifica las limitaciones del marco normativo peruano, principalmente, la
Circular B-2101-2001 de la SBS, y analiza cómo esta remisión a la fianza civil debilita la
seguridad jurídica y operatividad inmediata de la carta fianza bancaria. A través de un enfoque
comparado, se analizaron las regulaciones aplicables en países como Colombia, Chile y España,
identificando los mecanismos mediante los cuales han incorporado las garantías bancarias como
figuras autónomas en sus respectivos ordenamientos. Asimismo, se presentan elementos
vinculados a estándares internacionales, como las Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees
(URDG 758) y las International Standby Practices (ISP98), que deberán ser tomados en cuenta
para una eventual propuesta normativa en el contexto peruano.
Como conclusión, el artículo propone desvincular la carta fianza bancaria del régimen de la fianza
civil, reconociéndola normativamente como una garantía autónoma. Esta reconceptualización
permitiría dotarla de un marco legal eficiente y acorde con las necesidades del sistema financiero.
Finalmente, se plantea la necesidad de que la SBS o el legislador incorporen una regulación
específica para estos instrumentos, siguiendo las mejores prácticas internacionales.
The letter of guarantee (carta fianza bancaria) is a widely used instrument in contractual and financial practice in Peru. However, its current regulation is inadequate, as it is treated as a civil guaranty under the Peruvian Civil Code, introducing accessory elements and uncertainty in its enforcement. This framework contrasts with the autonomous and abstract nature that characterizes demand guarantees in international banking practice. This article identifies the limitations of the Peruvian regulatory framework, mainly SBS Circular B- 2101-2001, and analyzes how its reference to civil guaranty weakens both legal certainty and the immediate enforceability of the letter of guarantee. Through a comparative approach, it examines the regulatory frameworks of countries such as Colombia, Chile, and Spain, identifying the mechanisms through which they have incorporated letters of guarantee as autonomous instruments in their respective legal systems. It also presents elements related to international standards such as the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (URDG 758) and the International Standby Practices (ISP98), which should be considered in the development of a future regulatory proposal for Peru. In conclusion, the article proposes decoupling the letter of guarantee from the civil guaranty regime and recognizing it, at the regulatory level, as an autonomous guarantee. This reconceptualization would provide an efficient legal framework aligned with the needs of the financial system. Finally, it calls on the SBS or the legislature to adopt specific regulation for these instruments, in line with international best practices.
The letter of guarantee (carta fianza bancaria) is a widely used instrument in contractual and financial practice in Peru. However, its current regulation is inadequate, as it is treated as a civil guaranty under the Peruvian Civil Code, introducing accessory elements and uncertainty in its enforcement. This framework contrasts with the autonomous and abstract nature that characterizes demand guarantees in international banking practice. This article identifies the limitations of the Peruvian regulatory framework, mainly SBS Circular B- 2101-2001, and analyzes how its reference to civil guaranty weakens both legal certainty and the immediate enforceability of the letter of guarantee. Through a comparative approach, it examines the regulatory frameworks of countries such as Colombia, Chile, and Spain, identifying the mechanisms through which they have incorporated letters of guarantee as autonomous instruments in their respective legal systems. It also presents elements related to international standards such as the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (URDG 758) and the International Standby Practices (ISP98), which should be considered in the development of a future regulatory proposal for Peru. In conclusion, the article proposes decoupling the letter of guarantee from the civil guaranty regime and recognizing it, at the regulatory level, as an autonomous guarantee. This reconceptualization would provide an efficient legal framework aligned with the needs of the financial system. Finally, it calls on the SBS or the legislature to adopt specific regulation for these instruments, in line with international best practices.
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Fianzas--Perú, Obligaciones (Derecho)--Legislación--Perú, Derecho civil--Perú
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