Evaluación de daño estructural de una bóveda de arista a escala real de mampostería de bloques de tierra comprimida
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
Las bóvedas de arista constituyen elementos estructurales característicos
de la arquitectura histórica a nivel mundial. Su vulnerabilidad frente a cargas
sísmicas se debe a la naturaleza frágil de sus materiales constituyentes, así como
a su compleja geometría. En este contexto, el presente trabajo de tesis desarrolla
una evaluación experimental del daño estructural, a través del monitoreo de
propiedades dinámicas, en una bóveda de arista a escala real. La bóveda fue
construida con un sistema alternativo de mampostería compuesto por bloques de
tierra comprimida (BTC) estabilizados y mortero de suelo-cemento. El espécimen,
de planta cuadrada y 3,20 m de lado, fue diseñado específicamente para inducir
una falla producida por cortante en el plano del elemento (horizontal) utilizando
un sistema de apoyos compuesto por dos apoyos fijos y dos móviles. Para esto, se
sometió la bóveda a un ensayo de cargas cíclicas cuasi-estáticas mediante la
aplicación controlada de desplazamientos horizontales incrementales en uno de
los apoyos móviles. Las propiedades dinámicas de la bóveda fueron identificadas
mediante Análisis Operacional Modal (OMA), aplicando el método Enhanced
Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD) para el procesamiento de registros. La
detección experimental del daño se evaluó mediante el monitoreo de la evolución
de las frecuencias naturales y las formas modales, registradas a partir de
vibraciones ambientales en una configuración sin daño y tras cada dos fases de
carga cíclica. Con respecto a la respuesta estructural, los resultados mostraron que
la bóveda de arista de mampostería BTC presentó capacidad limitada y un
ablandamiento leve ante cargas cíclicas, caracterizado por deformaciones
inelásticas y disipación de energía. Asimismo, se observó una disminución
significativa de las frecuencias naturales y alteraciones considerables en las tres
primeras formas modales conforme avanzó el daño estructural generado por el
ensayo de cargas cíclicas cuasi-estáticas laterales.
Cross-vaults are structural elements characteristic of historic architecture worldwide. Their vulnerability under seismic loads stems from the brittle nature of their constituent materials, as well as their complex geometry. In this context, the present thesis develops an experimental assessment of structural damage, through the monitoring of dynamic properties, in a full-scale groin vault. The vault was built with an alternative masonry system composed of stabilized compressed earth blocks (CEB) and soil-cement mortar. The specimen, with a square plan and a side length of 3.20 m, was specifically designed to induce an in-plane (horizontal) shear failure of the element by means of a support system consisting of two fixed supports and two movable supports. To this end, the vault was subjected to a quasi-static cyclic loading test by applying controlled incremental horizontal displacements at one of the movable supports. The dynamic properties of the vault were identified by means of Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), applying the Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD) method for processing the measured data. Experimental damage detection was evaluated by monitoring the evolution of the natural frequencies and mode shapes, recorded from ambient vibrations in an undamaged configuration and after every two phases of cyclic loading. With respect to the structural response, the results showed that the BTC masonry groin vault exhibited limited capacity and slight softening under cyclic loading, characterized by inelastic deformations and energy dissipation. Likewise, a significant decrease in the natural frequencies and considerable changes in the first three mode shapes were observed as the structural damage progressed due to the quasi-static lateral cyclic loading test.
Cross-vaults are structural elements characteristic of historic architecture worldwide. Their vulnerability under seismic loads stems from the brittle nature of their constituent materials, as well as their complex geometry. In this context, the present thesis develops an experimental assessment of structural damage, through the monitoring of dynamic properties, in a full-scale groin vault. The vault was built with an alternative masonry system composed of stabilized compressed earth blocks (CEB) and soil-cement mortar. The specimen, with a square plan and a side length of 3.20 m, was specifically designed to induce an in-plane (horizontal) shear failure of the element by means of a support system consisting of two fixed supports and two movable supports. To this end, the vault was subjected to a quasi-static cyclic loading test by applying controlled incremental horizontal displacements at one of the movable supports. The dynamic properties of the vault were identified by means of Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), applying the Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD) method for processing the measured data. Experimental damage detection was evaluated by monitoring the evolution of the natural frequencies and mode shapes, recorded from ambient vibrations in an undamaged configuration and after every two phases of cyclic loading. With respect to the structural response, the results showed that the BTC masonry groin vault exhibited limited capacity and slight softening under cyclic loading, characterized by inelastic deformations and energy dissipation. Likewise, a significant decrease in the natural frequencies and considerable changes in the first three mode shapes were observed as the structural damage progressed due to the quasi-static lateral cyclic loading test.
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Bóvedas, Diseño de estructuras, Análisis de fallos (Ingeniería)
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