Agustín Gamarra y la construcción del héroe en el Perú, 1841–1862
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
La presente tesis analiza la construcción de la heroicidad del presidente Agustín
Gamarra, que impulsó el Estado peruano entre 1841 y 1862. El problema de investigación se
centra en comprender la narrativa construida en torno a la figura heroica de Gamarra,
vinculada al discurso político que promovió el Estado durante los funerales nacionales, la
repatriación de sus restos y la edificación de su mausoleo en el Cementerio Presbítero Matías
Maestro de Lima. Para ello, se realizó un estudio analítico y descriptivo de los funerales de
Estado, los discursos políticos y diversas publicaciones difundidas por la prensa en Lima y
otras ciudades del país.
La tesis propone que la construcción de la heroicidad del presidente Gamarra fue parte
de un proyecto político que utilizó los funerales de Estado y los discursos asociados a ellos
para elevarlo a la condición de héroe de la independencia. Del mismo modo, se propone que
la trágica muerte de Gamarra en campo de batalla y el ultraje de sus restos perpetrado por
los bolivianos provocaron un fuerte impacto social y político en Lima y en el interior del país,
capitalizado por el gobierno de Manuel Menéndez (1841–1842) en su intento por dotar de
unidad política al país y, años después, por Ramón Castilla (1848) para promover la
reconciliación entre las fuerzas políticas, la centralidad de Lima y el fortalecimiento de las
relaciones con Bolivia.
Como resultado de este proyecto, emergió la figura heroica de Gamarra —enaltecido
por su muerte en Ingavi— como el mayor ejemplo de valor, entrega y heroísmo, tras una vida
consagrada al servicio de la patria. De este modo, se buscó crear una memoria reciente que
recordase a Gamarra como un ilustre guerrero, defensor de la soberanía nacional y eficiente
administrador. Esto evidencia la capacidad del Estado peruano para crear proyectos políticos
y forjar un imaginario nacional, durante las primeras décadas de la República.
This thesis analyzes the construction of the heroic image of President Agustín Gamarra, promoted by the Peruvian state between 1841 and 1862. The research problem focuses on understanding the narrative built around Gamarra’s heroic figure, linked to the political discourse advanced by the state during his national funerals, the repatriation of his remains, and the construction of his mausoleum in the Presbítero Matías Maestro Cemetery in Lima. To this end, an analytical and descriptive study was conducted on the state funerals, political speeches, and various publications disseminated by the press in Lima and other cities across the country. The thesis proposes that the construction of Gamarra’s heroism was part of a political project that used state funerals and their associated discourses to elevate him to the status of an independence hero. Likewise, it suggests that Gamarra’s tragic death on the battlefield and the desecration of his remains by the Bolivians had a strong social and political impact in Lima and the interior of the country. This impact was capitalized on by the government of Manuel Menéndez (1841–1842) in its attempt to provide political unity to the country, and years later by Ramón Castilla (1848) to promote reconciliation among political forces, the centrality of Lima, and the strengthening of relations with Bolivia. As a result of this project, the heroic figure of Gamarra emerged—glorified by his death at Ingavi—as the greatest example of courage, dedication, and heroism, after a life devoted to the service of the nation. In this way, the aim was to create a recent memory that would remember Gamarra as an illustrious warrior, defender of national sovereignty, and efficient administrator. This demonstrates the Peruvian state's capacity to create political projects to shape a national imaginary during the early decades of the Republic.
This thesis analyzes the construction of the heroic image of President Agustín Gamarra, promoted by the Peruvian state between 1841 and 1862. The research problem focuses on understanding the narrative built around Gamarra’s heroic figure, linked to the political discourse advanced by the state during his national funerals, the repatriation of his remains, and the construction of his mausoleum in the Presbítero Matías Maestro Cemetery in Lima. To this end, an analytical and descriptive study was conducted on the state funerals, political speeches, and various publications disseminated by the press in Lima and other cities across the country. The thesis proposes that the construction of Gamarra’s heroism was part of a political project that used state funerals and their associated discourses to elevate him to the status of an independence hero. Likewise, it suggests that Gamarra’s tragic death on the battlefield and the desecration of his remains by the Bolivians had a strong social and political impact in Lima and the interior of the country. This impact was capitalized on by the government of Manuel Menéndez (1841–1842) in its attempt to provide political unity to the country, and years later by Ramón Castilla (1848) to promote reconciliation among political forces, the centrality of Lima, and the strengthening of relations with Bolivia. As a result of this project, the heroic figure of Gamarra emerged—glorified by his death at Ingavi—as the greatest example of courage, dedication, and heroism, after a life devoted to the service of the nation. In this way, the aim was to create a recent memory that would remember Gamarra as an illustrious warrior, defender of national sovereignty, and efficient administrator. This demonstrates the Peruvian state's capacity to create political projects to shape a national imaginary during the early decades of the Republic.
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Gamarra, Agustín, 1785-1841, Presidentes--Perú--Biografía, Discurso político, Biografias históricas--Perú
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