Herramienta móvil denominada tu Plataforma de Asociación de Trabajadores por Aplicativo – TuPATA, para enfrentar el alto nivel de precariedad laboral en los trabajadores de delivery a través de las plataformas digitales en Lima Metropolitana en el período 2019 - 2023
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Acceso al texto completo solo para la Comunidad PUCP
Resumen
A nivel mundial, el mercado laboral está experimentando importantes transformaciones. Entre estos cambios, han surgido nuevas modalidades de empleo, impulsadas por el uso intensivo de
las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, así como por la hiperconectividad. Un ejemplo destacado son las plataformas digitales basadas en la geolocalización, que desde el 2010 han tenido un crecimiento acelerado. Estas plataformas han dado lugar a nuevas formas
de empleo, como el trabajo de reparto, conocido como delivery, generando una disrupción en el modelo tradicional del trabajo. Sin embargo, muchos Estados no están preparados para enfrentar cambios y adaptarse a esta nueva realidad laboral.
Si existen nuevas modalidades de empleo, es inevitable que surjan también nuevos tipos de trabajadores en el mercado digital, como es el caso de los repartidores, comúnmente conocidos como deliverys. Ante esta realidad, cabe preguntarse: ¿cuáles son las condiciones laborales
mínimas que el Estado, en su rol de garante de los derechos humanos, debe asegurar para esta población? Desde la llegada de la primera plataforma de reparto al Perú en el año 2017, se estima que aproximadamente 46,000 personas han ingresado a este tipo de trabajo en el periodo
2019-2023. Sin embargo, esta población permanece desatendida e invisibilizada, ya que no
existen evidencias de políticas públicas implementadas para abordar las problemáticas
específicas que enfrentan estos trabajadores.
En este contexto, se han identificado cinco causas principales que generan el alto nivel de precariedad laboral entre los trabajadores de delivery a través de plataformas digitales. A partir del análisis de la problemática, se identificó que la causa con mayor impacto sobre el problema
es la débil capacidad de organización entre los trabajadores de delivery que trabajan mediante
plataformas digitales, lo que permitió determinar y establecer el siguiente desafío de innovación: ¿De qué manera se puede fortalecer la capacidad de organización de los trabajadores de delivery
a través de plataformas digitales? Para ello se realizó la revisión de experiencias internacionales
como experiencias nacionales, lluvia de ideas orientadas a la innovación. Este proceso condujo
a la priorización de la propuesta de solución denominada “TuPATA” – Tu Plataforma de Asociación de Trabajadores por Aplicativo para trabajadores de delivery que trabajan a través
de plataformas digitales.
El prototipo diseñado fue testeado y validado por los trabajadores de delivery que trabajan a través de plataformas digitales, así como expertos en la materia, entre ellos la fundadora del Observatorio de Plataformas Digitales y miembros de la junta directiva del Sindicato de Trabajadores de Plataformas Digitales. El proyecto de innovación ha sido planificado para desarrollarse en etapas. En primer lugar, se realizó una prueba piloto de la app, luego de ello, se programará su lanzamiento en las tiendas virtuales app Store y Play Store, con el objetivo de promover su uso masivo entre los trabajadores de delivery. La finalidad de la app TuPATA, es brindar un espacio virtual donde los trabajadores de delivery
puedan compartir sus experiencias, socializar entre ellos y registrar evidencias e información de
las diversas situaciones que enfrentan en el desarrollo y cumplimiento de su trabajo como deliverys. Esto permite recopilar datos relevantes sobre sus condiciones de trabajo y, al mismo tiempo, hacer frente a una de las principales características del modelo de negocio: la dispersión geográfica de los trabajadores, consecuencia de la atomización del empleo en estas plataformas.
A través de esta interrelación digital, se busca fortalecer su capacidad de organización, visibilizar
su voz y canalizar sus demandas, con el fin de exigir que el Estado cumpla su rol como garante
de los derechos fundamentales de trabajo.
El proyecto de innovación demostró una alta deseabilidad ya que beneficia a los actores involucrados como son los trabajadores de delivery, además es factible porque se determinó que
la entidad encargada para el manejo de la app será SINTRAPLADI, ya que cuenta con las
capacidades políticas y tecnológicas, y es viable porque se estima una inversión inicial de S/. 46,400 y un costo de mantenimiento de S/. 13,800 se prevé financiar el desarrollo mediante
aportes externos o alianzas institucionales.
Worldwide, the labor market is undergoing significant transformations. Among these changes, new forms of employment have emerged, driven by the intensive use of information and communication technologies and by hyperconnectivity. A prominent example is digital platforms based on geolocation, which have experienced accelerated growth since 2010. These platforms have given rise to new types of employment, such as delivery work, generating a disruption in the traditional employment model. However, many States are not yet prepared to face these changes and adapt to this new labor reality. If new forms of employment exist, it is inevitable that new types of workers will also emerge in the digital market, such as couriers, commonly known as delivery workers. In light of this reality, one must ask: What are the minimum labor conditions that the State, in its role as guarantor of human rights, must ensure for this population? Since the arrival of the first delivery platform in Peru in 2017, it is estimated that approximately 46,000 people have joined this type of work during the 2019–2023 period. However, this population remains neglected and invisible, as there is no evidence of public policies implemented to address the specific problems these workers face. In this context, five main causes have been identified as contributing to the high level of labor precariousness among delivery workers employed through digital platforms. From the analysis of the problem, it was determined that the cause with the greatest impact is the weak organizational capacity among delivery workers operating via digital platforms. This finding led to the formulation of the following innovation challenge: How can the organizational capacity of delivery workers on digital platforms be strengthened? To address this question, a review of international and national experiences was conducted, along with brainstorming sessions aimed at innovation. This process resulted in the prioritization of the proposed solution called “TuPATA” – Your Platform for the Association of app-based Delivery Workers. The designed prototype was tested and validated by delivery workers using digital platforms, as well as by subject-matter experts, including the founder of the Observatory of Digital Platforms and members of the board of directors of the Union of Digital Platform Workers SINTRAPLADI. The innovation project has been planned to be developed in stages. First, a pilot test of the app was carried out; subsequently, its launch on virtual stores app will be scheduled, with the goal of promoting its widespread adoption among delivery workers. The purpose of the TuPATA app is to provide a virtual space where delivery workers can share their experiences, socialize with one another, and record evidence and information about the various situations they face in the course of their work. This allows for the collection of relevant data on their working conditions and, at the same time, addresses one of the main characteristics of the business model: the geographical dispersion of workers, resulting from the atomization of employment on these platforms. Through this digital interaction, the aim is to strengthen workers’ organizational capacity, make their voices visible, and channel their demands so that the State fulfills its role as guarantor of fundamental labor rights. The innovation project demonstrated high desirability, as it benefits the involved stakeholders — namely, delivery workers. It is feasible, since it was determined that the entity responsible for managing the app will be SINTRAPLADI, which possesses both the political and technological capacities. Moreover, it is viable, as an initial investment of S/. 46,400 and a maintenance cost of S/. 13,800 are estimated, with plans to finance the development through external contributions or institutional partnerships.
Worldwide, the labor market is undergoing significant transformations. Among these changes, new forms of employment have emerged, driven by the intensive use of information and communication technologies and by hyperconnectivity. A prominent example is digital platforms based on geolocation, which have experienced accelerated growth since 2010. These platforms have given rise to new types of employment, such as delivery work, generating a disruption in the traditional employment model. However, many States are not yet prepared to face these changes and adapt to this new labor reality. If new forms of employment exist, it is inevitable that new types of workers will also emerge in the digital market, such as couriers, commonly known as delivery workers. In light of this reality, one must ask: What are the minimum labor conditions that the State, in its role as guarantor of human rights, must ensure for this population? Since the arrival of the first delivery platform in Peru in 2017, it is estimated that approximately 46,000 people have joined this type of work during the 2019–2023 period. However, this population remains neglected and invisible, as there is no evidence of public policies implemented to address the specific problems these workers face. In this context, five main causes have been identified as contributing to the high level of labor precariousness among delivery workers employed through digital platforms. From the analysis of the problem, it was determined that the cause with the greatest impact is the weak organizational capacity among delivery workers operating via digital platforms. This finding led to the formulation of the following innovation challenge: How can the organizational capacity of delivery workers on digital platforms be strengthened? To address this question, a review of international and national experiences was conducted, along with brainstorming sessions aimed at innovation. This process resulted in the prioritization of the proposed solution called “TuPATA” – Your Platform for the Association of app-based Delivery Workers. The designed prototype was tested and validated by delivery workers using digital platforms, as well as by subject-matter experts, including the founder of the Observatory of Digital Platforms and members of the board of directors of the Union of Digital Platform Workers SINTRAPLADI. The innovation project has been planned to be developed in stages. First, a pilot test of the app was carried out; subsequently, its launch on virtual stores app will be scheduled, with the goal of promoting its widespread adoption among delivery workers. The purpose of the TuPATA app is to provide a virtual space where delivery workers can share their experiences, socialize with one another, and record evidence and information about the various situations they face in the course of their work. This allows for the collection of relevant data on their working conditions and, at the same time, addresses one of the main characteristics of the business model: the geographical dispersion of workers, resulting from the atomization of employment on these platforms. Through this digital interaction, the aim is to strengthen workers’ organizational capacity, make their voices visible, and channel their demands so that the State fulfills its role as guarantor of fundamental labor rights. The innovation project demonstrated high desirability, as it benefits the involved stakeholders — namely, delivery workers. It is feasible, since it was determined that the entity responsible for managing the app will be SINTRAPLADI, which possesses both the political and technological capacities. Moreover, it is viable, as an initial investment of S/. 46,400 and a maintenance cost of S/. 13,800 are estimated, with plans to finance the development through external contributions or institutional partnerships.
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Reparto de mercancías--Perú--Lima Metropolitana, Trabajo y trabajadores--Perú--Lima Metropolitana, Empleo precario--Perú--Lima Metropolitana, Aplicaciones móviles--Perú--Lima Metropolitana