El rol de los gobiernos locales en la gestión integral de residuos sólidos, oportunidades de mejora en inversión de infraestructuras de residuos sólidos y educación ambiental
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El crecimiento económico sostenido experimentado por el Perú en las últimas
décadas ha generado un incremento significativo en los niveles de consumo y,
consecuentemente, en la generación de residuos sólidos, lo que ha intensificado
los desafíos asociados a su gestión por parte de los gobiernos locales. Frente a
este escenario, el ordenamiento jurídico peruano ha incorporado el enfoque de
gestión integral de residuos sólidos, priorizando la valorización bajo criterios de
economía circular y reservando la disposición final como una medida de último
recurso, que debe realizarse en infraestructuras ambientalmente adecuadas.
No obstante, los informes emitidos por la Defensoría del Pueblo (2019) y la
Contraloría General de la República (2022) evidencian deficiencias estructurales
en el cumplimiento de las obligaciones legales a cargo de los gobiernos locales,
particularmente en lo referido a la inversión en infraestructura para la disposición
final de residuos sólidos y a la implementación de acciones sostenidas de
educación ambiental. Estas deficiencias limitan la eficacia de la gestión municipal
de residuos sólidos y generan impactos negativos en la salud pública y en el
ambiente.
En ese contexto, el presente trabajo analiza el marco normativo aplicable a la
gestión integral de residuos sólidos y evalúa el grado de cumplimiento de las
obligaciones municipales, con énfasis en los componentes de infraestructura y
educación ambiental. A partir de dicho análisis, se formulan recomendaciones
orientadas a fortalecer la capacidad de los gobiernos locales para cumplir los
objetivos de la Política Nacional del Ambiente 2021–2030, en particular aquellos
vinculados a la reducción de la contaminación del agua, suelo y aire, así como
al incremento de la adecuada disposición final de residuos sólidos.
El análisis se desarrolla a partir de una revisión normativa, el examen de informes
de control y un análisis comparado de experiencias internacionales.
The sustained economic growth experienced by Peru in recent decades has led to a significant increase in consumption levels and, consequently, in the generation of solid waste, intensifying the challenges faced by local governments in its management. In response, the Peruvian legal framework has incorporated an integrated solid waste management approach, which prioritizes waste valorization under a circular economy perspective and considers final disposal as a measure of last resort, to be carried out in environmentally adequate infrastructure. However, reports issued by the Ombudsman’s Office (2019) and the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (2022) reveal structural deficiencies in the fulfillment of legal obligations by local governments, particularly with regard to investment in solid waste disposal infrastructure and the implementation of sustained environmental education actions. These shortcomings limit the effectiveness of municipal solid waste management and generate adverse impacts on public health and the environment. In this context, this paper analyzes the regulatory framework applicable to integrated solid waste management and assesses the level of compliance with municipal obligations, with a particular focus on infrastructure investment and environmental education. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes recommendations aimed at strengthening the capacity of local governments to achieve the objectives of the National Environmental Policy 2021–2030, especially those related to reducing water, soil, and air pollution, as well as increasing the proper final disposal of solid waste. The analysis is based on a regulatory review, an examination of control reports, and a comparative analysis of international experiences.
The sustained economic growth experienced by Peru in recent decades has led to a significant increase in consumption levels and, consequently, in the generation of solid waste, intensifying the challenges faced by local governments in its management. In response, the Peruvian legal framework has incorporated an integrated solid waste management approach, which prioritizes waste valorization under a circular economy perspective and considers final disposal as a measure of last resort, to be carried out in environmentally adequate infrastructure. However, reports issued by the Ombudsman’s Office (2019) and the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (2022) reveal structural deficiencies in the fulfillment of legal obligations by local governments, particularly with regard to investment in solid waste disposal infrastructure and the implementation of sustained environmental education actions. These shortcomings limit the effectiveness of municipal solid waste management and generate adverse impacts on public health and the environment. In this context, this paper analyzes the regulatory framework applicable to integrated solid waste management and assesses the level of compliance with municipal obligations, with a particular focus on infrastructure investment and environmental education. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes recommendations aimed at strengthening the capacity of local governments to achieve the objectives of the National Environmental Policy 2021–2030, especially those related to reducing water, soil, and air pollution, as well as increasing the proper final disposal of solid waste. The analysis is based on a regulatory review, an examination of control reports, and a comparative analysis of international experiences.
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Gobiernos locales--Gestión ambiental, Educación ambiental, Protección ambiental--Legislacion--Perú, Reciclaje (Residuos, etc.)--Gobiernos locales--Perú