Intersección normativa entre discapacidad y enfermedades raras o huérfanas: análisis del marco jurídico y sus implicancias en el acceso a derechos
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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En base al marco jurídico peruano, relacionado con la protección de los derechos
de las personas con discapacidad y de aquellas que padecen enfermedades
raras o huérfanas, se pone énfasis en el presente artículo a las brechas
existentes entre la normativa y su aplicación práctica. A partir de la Convención
sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad, el texto espone el cambio
de paradigma que dezplaza la visión médica hacia un enfoque social en el que
la discapacidad es entendida como el resultado de la interacción entre una
deficiencia y las barreras de entorno. Este modelo inspira la Ley General de la
Persona con Dicapacidad (Ley N° 29973), que adopta principios de igualdad,
autonomía y accesibilidad, y obliga al Estado a implementar acciones afirmativas
para garantizar derechos. Sin embargo, persisten problemas en la certificación
de discapacidad, pues el sistema continúa priorizando criterios médicos y
deficiencias visibles lo que exluye a personas con limitaciones funcionales
derivadas de enfermedades internas.
El artículo también examina el marco normativo sobre enfermedades raras, en
especial la Ley N.° 29698 y su reglamentación actualizada, destacando los
desafíos en diagnóstico oportuno, investigación, acceso a medicamentos y
financiamiento. A pesar de avances recientes, se constata una implementación
insuficiente, marcada por la centralización de servicios, falta de personal
especializado, registros epidemiológicos incompletos y barreras administrativas.
Finalmente, se argumenta que muchas enfermedades raras generan
discapacidad orgánica, pero el reconocimiento legal es limitado debido al
enfoque biomédico vigente. Esto produce una vulneración del derecho a la
igualdad y restringe el acceso a servicios y apoyos esenciales.
Based on the Peruvian legal framework related to the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities and those suffering from rare or orphan diseases, this article emphasizes the existing gaps between the normative provisions and their practical implementation. Drawing on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the text highlights the paradigm shift that moves away from a strictly medical perspective toward a social approach, in which disability is understood as the result of the interaction between an impairment and environmental barriers. This model inspires the General Law on Persons with Disabilities (Law No. 29973), which adopts principles of equality, autonomy, and accessibility, and requires the State to implement affirmative measures to guarantee rights. However, problems persist in the disability certification process, as the system continues to prioritize medical criteria and visible impairments, thereby excluding individuals with functional limitations arising from internal conditions. The article also examines the regulatory framework on rare diseases, particularly Law No. 29698 and its updated regulations, highlighting ongoing challenges related to timely diagnosis, research, access to medicines, and financing. Despite recent progress, implementation remains insufficient, characterized by the centralization of services, lack of specialized personnel, incomplete epidemiological records, and administrative barriers. Finally, the article argues that many rare diseases generate organic disability, yet legal recognition remains limited due to the prevailing biomedical approach. This results in a violation of the right to equality and restricts access to essential services and support mechanisms.
Based on the Peruvian legal framework related to the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities and those suffering from rare or orphan diseases, this article emphasizes the existing gaps between the normative provisions and their practical implementation. Drawing on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the text highlights the paradigm shift that moves away from a strictly medical perspective toward a social approach, in which disability is understood as the result of the interaction between an impairment and environmental barriers. This model inspires the General Law on Persons with Disabilities (Law No. 29973), which adopts principles of equality, autonomy, and accessibility, and requires the State to implement affirmative measures to guarantee rights. However, problems persist in the disability certification process, as the system continues to prioritize medical criteria and visible impairments, thereby excluding individuals with functional limitations arising from internal conditions. The article also examines the regulatory framework on rare diseases, particularly Law No. 29698 and its updated regulations, highlighting ongoing challenges related to timely diagnosis, research, access to medicines, and financing. Despite recent progress, implementation remains insufficient, characterized by the centralization of services, lack of specialized personnel, incomplete epidemiological records, and administrative barriers. Finally, the article argues that many rare diseases generate organic disability, yet legal recognition remains limited due to the prevailing biomedical approach. This results in a violation of the right to equality and restricts access to essential services and support mechanisms.
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Derechos humanos--Legislación--Perú, Derechos fundamentales--Perú, Personas con discapacidad--Derechos, Personas con discapacidad--Política gubernamental, Minorías--Derechos civiles
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