Condiciones de vida y percepciones sobre la democracia en el Perú 2018-2022: Un análisis a partir de microdatos
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
La relación entre las condiciones de vida de las personas y el desarrollo democrático
es un tema ampliamente estudiado por las ciencias sociales desde el trabajo original
de Seymour Lipset a mediados del siglo pasado. La mayor parte de estos trabajos
suele usar datos a nivel multinacional a partir de variables agregadas que suelen
omitir los procesos de decisión que llevan a los individuos de uno u otro país a apoyar
(o no) el sistema democrático. En contraste, este estudio analiza la relación entre las
características sociodemográficas de las personas y su percepción sobre la
democracia para evaluar empíricamente la validez de la denominada “Hipótesis de
Lipset” a nivel micro. Específicamente, utilizando microdatos longitudinales de la
Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) entre 2018 y 2022 para Perú, se estimaron
modelos logit con especificaciones pooled y panel para identificar el efecto del
ingreso, el acceso a servicios de salud y el nivel educativo sobre la valoración y
percepción del funcionamiento del sistema democrático. Los resultados muestran que
el nivel educativo es el determinante más robusto de una percepción favorable hacia
la democracia, mientras que el ingreso y el acceso a salud presentan efectos débiles
o no concluyentes. Además, se observa que los individuos con mejores condiciones
de vida tienden a valorar más la democracia, pero, al mismo tiempo, son más críticos
respecto a su funcionamiento.
The relationship between people's living conditions and democratic development has been widely studied in the social sciences since Seymour Lipset's seminal work in the mid-20th century. Most of these studies rely on cross-national data based on aggregate variables, often overlooking the individual decision-making processes that lead people in different countries to support (or not support) the democratic system. In contrast, this study analyzes the relationship between individuals' sociodemographic characteristics and their perceptions of democracy to empirically assess the validity of the so-called "Lipset Hypothesis" at the micro level. Specifically, using longitudinal microdata from the Peruvian National Household Survey (ENAHO) between 2018 and 2022, logit models with pooled and panel specifications were estimated to identify the effect of income, access to health services, and educational attainment on individuals’ valuation and perception of how the democratic system functions. The results show that educational attainment is the most robust determinant of a favorable perception of democracy, while income and access to healthcare show weak or inconclusive effects. Moreover, individuals with better living conditions tend to value democracy more than their counterparts; however, they are also more critical of its actual performance.
The relationship between people's living conditions and democratic development has been widely studied in the social sciences since Seymour Lipset's seminal work in the mid-20th century. Most of these studies rely on cross-national data based on aggregate variables, often overlooking the individual decision-making processes that lead people in different countries to support (or not support) the democratic system. In contrast, this study analyzes the relationship between individuals' sociodemographic characteristics and their perceptions of democracy to empirically assess the validity of the so-called "Lipset Hypothesis" at the micro level. Specifically, using longitudinal microdata from the Peruvian National Household Survey (ENAHO) between 2018 and 2022, logit models with pooled and panel specifications were estimated to identify the effect of income, access to health services, and educational attainment on individuals’ valuation and perception of how the democratic system functions. The results show that educational attainment is the most robust determinant of a favorable perception of democracy, while income and access to healthcare show weak or inconclusive effects. Moreover, individuals with better living conditions tend to value democracy more than their counterparts; however, they are also more critical of its actual performance.
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Democracia--Perú--Opinión pública, Calidad de vida--Perú, Perú--Población--Estadísticas, Perú--Condiciones sociales--Estadísticas
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