La figura del influencer en la publicidad testimonial: una propuesta interpretativa sobre su calificación como agencia de publicidad y régimen de responsabilidad
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
La presente investigación analiza la problemática jurídica vinculada a la
responsabilidad administrativa de los influencers en la publicidad digital,
particularmente cuando su actuación se inserta en la publicidad testimonial y
puede, además, ser calificada como la de una agencia de publicidad conforme a
la Ley de Represión de la Competencia Desleal (en adelante, LRCD).
Para ello, se emplean como principales instrumentos normativos la LRCD, así
como la revisión especializada de doctrina en derecho de competencia desleal,
jurisprudencia administrativa del Indecopi y literatura especializada en
publicidad, a fin de comprender mejor cada una de las aristas planteadas.
La investigación, en primer lugar, examina la viabilidad jurídica de reconocer al
influencer como testigo en la publicidad testimonial y, adicionalmente, de calificar
su actuación como la de una agencia de publicidad cuando asume funciones
creativas relevantes. En segundo lugar, se propone la adopción de un
precedente administrativo vinculante, basado sobre tres criterios objetivos: (i) la
prestación de un servicio publicitario, aun cuando se configure mediante
acuerdos verbales, conforme al principio del consensualismo; (ii) la existencia de
una relación publicitaria con contraprestación económica o en especie, que
revele finalidad concurrencial; y (iii) la intervención relevante del influencer en el
diseño, confección, organización o ejecución del anuncio, conforme a las
funciones previstas en el artículo 59° de la LRCD. Finalmente, se concluye que
la responsabilidad del influencer-agencia se activa únicamente cuando la ilicitud
del anuncio deriva de su intervención creativa, siendo independiente y
complementaria a la del anunciante.
This research analyzes the legal issues surrounding the administrative liability of influencers in digital advertising, particularly when their activity is framed within testimonial advertising and may additionally be classified as that of an advertising agency under the Unfair Competition Repression Law (hereinafter, LRCD). To this end, the study relies on the LRCD as its main regulatory framework, together with a specialized review of doctrine on unfair competition law, administrative jurisprudence of Indecopi, and academic literature on advertising, in order to comprehensively address the issues examined. First, the research examines the legal feasibility of recognizing influencers as witnesses in testimonial advertising and, additionally, of classifying their activity as that of an advertising agency when they assume relevant creative functions. Second, it proposes the adoption of a binding administrative precedent based on three objective criteria: (i) the provision of advertising services, even when established through verbal agreements, in accordance with the principle of consensualism; (ii) the existence of an advertising relationship involving monetary or in-kind consideration, evidencing a competitive purpose; and (iii) the influencer’s relevant intervention in the design, production, organization, or execution of the advertisement, in line with the functions set forth in Article 59 of the LRCD. Finally, the study concludes that the liability of the influencer acting as an advertising agency arises solely when the unlawfulness of the advertisement results from their creative intervention, and that such liability is independent of and complementary to that of the advertiser.
This research analyzes the legal issues surrounding the administrative liability of influencers in digital advertising, particularly when their activity is framed within testimonial advertising and may additionally be classified as that of an advertising agency under the Unfair Competition Repression Law (hereinafter, LRCD). To this end, the study relies on the LRCD as its main regulatory framework, together with a specialized review of doctrine on unfair competition law, administrative jurisprudence of Indecopi, and academic literature on advertising, in order to comprehensively address the issues examined. First, the research examines the legal feasibility of recognizing influencers as witnesses in testimonial advertising and, additionally, of classifying their activity as that of an advertising agency when they assume relevant creative functions. Second, it proposes the adoption of a binding administrative precedent based on three objective criteria: (i) the provision of advertising services, even when established through verbal agreements, in accordance with the principle of consensualism; (ii) the existence of an advertising relationship involving monetary or in-kind consideration, evidencing a competitive purpose; and (iii) the influencer’s relevant intervention in the design, production, organization, or execution of the advertisement, in line with the functions set forth in Article 59 of the LRCD. Finally, the study concludes that the liability of the influencer acting as an advertising agency arises solely when the unlawfulness of the advertisement results from their creative intervention, and that such liability is independent of and complementary to that of the advertiser.
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Protección del consumidor--Legislación--Perú, Publicidad en internet--Perú, Responsabilidad contractual--Legislación--Perú, Competencia desleal--Jurisprudencia--Perú
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