Gestión y manejo de los Aceites Vegetales Usados (AVU) en el Distrito de San Miguel, Provincia de Lima
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La investigación analiza la gestión y el manejo de aceites vegetales y aceites vegetales
usados (AVU) en el distrito de San Miguel, ante la falta de regulación específica. Para
ello, primero identifica a aquellos establecimientos de alimentos que, en sus efluentes
no domésticos, superen de manera reiterada los Valores Máximos Admisibles (VMA) de
aceites y grasas (<100 mg/L) del D.S. N.º 010-2019-VIVIENDA, como segundo evalúa
el manejo de los aceites vegetales durante la preparación de alimentos y tercero analiza
los efectos ambientales de los AVU como residuos.
Se empleó el enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando técnicas de recolección de datos: como
aplicación de encuestas estructuradas a los establecimientos, toma y análisis de
muestras de AVU y aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a autoridades. Con una
muestra de 16 establecimientos de 86 (20.93%) que exceden los VMA, se observó que
los niveles de incumplimiento son moderados (50%), altos (18.75%) y muy altos
(31.25%), evidenciando deficiencias en el manejo interno de estos residuos. Según el
62.50% de los encuestados; en los establecimientos no se realizan controles periódicos
de la calidad del aceite con que se vienen preparando los alimentos a pesar de que el
100% de los encuestados cuenta con conocimiento de que el uso reiterado del aceite
puede generar enfermedades como el cáncer (25%), cardiovasculares (20%), gástricas
(15%) e hipertensión (5%). Es por ello que se recolectaron muestras de aceites en 6
establecimientos para analizar ácidos grasos libres o índice de acidez (indicadores de
calidad del aceite) en el laboratorio AGQ Labs Perú. De estos resultados se tiene un
promedio de 0.22% reflejando que estos aceites presentan una ligera degradación ya
que son sometidos a diferentes procesos de frituras. Por otro lado, el 81.25% de los
establecimientos no cuentan con ningún plan para la disposición adecuadas de los AVU,
el 56.25% entregan estos residuos a una EO-RS mientras que el 37.50% lo desecha
con otros residuos y el 6.25% lo entregan a un vendedor informal.
La investigación concluye que el manejo de los aceites vegetales y AVU en el distrito de
San Miguel es inadecuada desde el punto de vista técnico-normativo, recomendándose
la implementación obligatoria de programas de control de calidad de aceites,
segregación en fuente y valorización energética mediante biodiesel.
This research examines the management and handling of vegetable oils and used vegetable oils (UVOs) in the district of San Miguel, in light of the absence of specific regulations. First, it identifies food establishments whose non-domestic wastewater consistently exceeds the Maximum Permissible Values (MPV) for oils and greases (<100 mg/L) set by Supreme Decree No. 010-2019-VIVIENDA. Second, it evaluates how vegetable oils are handled during food preparation, and third, it analyzes the environmental impacts of UVOs as waste products. A quantitative approach was employed, using various data collection techniques: structured surveys administered to establishments, sampling and analysis of UVOs, and semi-structured interviews with authorities. Out of 86 establishments surveyed, 16 (20.93%) exceeded the MPV limits. Among them, non-compliance levels were categorized as moderate (50%), high (18.75%), and very high (31.25%), highlighting significant deficiencies in internal waste management practices. According to 62.50% of respondents, establishments do not carry out regular quality checks on the oils used for cooking, despite 100% of respondents being aware that reusing oil can lead to diseases such as cancer (25%), cardiovascular illnesses (20%), gastrointestinal diseases (15%), and hypertension (5%). Oil samples were collected from six establishments and analyzed for free fatty acids or acidity index (indicators of oil quality) at AGQ Labs Peru. The results revealed an average acidity of 0.22%, suggesting slight degradation due to repeated frying processes. Additionally, 81.25% of establishments lacked any plan for the proper disposal of UVOs; 56.25% delivered them to authorized waste management companies (EO-RS), 37.50% discarded them along with regular waste, and 6.25% handed them over to informal vendors. The study concludes that the management of vegetable oils and used vegetable oils (UVOs) in San Miguel is inadequate from both technical and regulatory perspectives. It recommends the mandatory implementation of oil quality control programs, source segregation, and energy recovery through biodiesel production.
This research examines the management and handling of vegetable oils and used vegetable oils (UVOs) in the district of San Miguel, in light of the absence of specific regulations. First, it identifies food establishments whose non-domestic wastewater consistently exceeds the Maximum Permissible Values (MPV) for oils and greases (<100 mg/L) set by Supreme Decree No. 010-2019-VIVIENDA. Second, it evaluates how vegetable oils are handled during food preparation, and third, it analyzes the environmental impacts of UVOs as waste products. A quantitative approach was employed, using various data collection techniques: structured surveys administered to establishments, sampling and analysis of UVOs, and semi-structured interviews with authorities. Out of 86 establishments surveyed, 16 (20.93%) exceeded the MPV limits. Among them, non-compliance levels were categorized as moderate (50%), high (18.75%), and very high (31.25%), highlighting significant deficiencies in internal waste management practices. According to 62.50% of respondents, establishments do not carry out regular quality checks on the oils used for cooking, despite 100% of respondents being aware that reusing oil can lead to diseases such as cancer (25%), cardiovascular illnesses (20%), gastrointestinal diseases (15%), and hypertension (5%). Oil samples were collected from six establishments and analyzed for free fatty acids or acidity index (indicators of oil quality) at AGQ Labs Peru. The results revealed an average acidity of 0.22%, suggesting slight degradation due to repeated frying processes. Additionally, 81.25% of establishments lacked any plan for the proper disposal of UVOs; 56.25% delivered them to authorized waste management companies (EO-RS), 37.50% discarded them along with regular waste, and 6.25% handed them over to informal vendors. The study concludes that the management of vegetable oils and used vegetable oils (UVOs) in San Miguel is inadequate from both technical and regulatory perspectives. It recommends the mandatory implementation of oil quality control programs, source segregation, and energy recovery through biodiesel production.
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Aceites y grasas, Derecho ambiental--Perú, Residuos--Eliminación, Gobierno local--Perú--Administración, Servicios municipales--Perú--San Miguel (Lima : Distrito)
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