Sujeto o figurante: el retrato fotográfico de la nodriza afroperuana realizado por el Estudio Courret (1879-1912)
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Entre el universo de imágenes que conforman el valioso acervo de una de las firmas
fotográficas más emblemáticas de la Lima del siglo XIX, el estudio Courret (1863-1935), se
encuentra un registro visual representativo de una costumbre de larga data que permaneció
como parte de la idiosincrasia de las familias decimonónicas: el retrato dual del bebé o infante
de la élite limeña junto a su nodriza afroperuana. Tal configuración retratística estaba
destinada a proyectar el vínculo o la proximidad afectiva entre los menores y sus amas de
cría, siendo uno de los rasgos fundamentales de este modelo de representación, reconocido
y ampliamente difundido en toda América.
En el Perú, la presencia de una ama de leche africana en las casas señoriales se
remonta al periodo virreinal. En el siglo XIX, la preferencia por nodrizas afroperuanas fue
predominante, no sólo en las familias más tradicionales y aristocráticas de Lima, sino también
en notables familias de inmigrantes extranjeros que llegaron al país. Así, en el lento tránsito
hacia el ideal victoriano de la familia nuclear y de la madre como única responsable del
cuidado de sus hijos, las amas de crianza afrodescendientes, ligadas históricamente a este
antiguo oficio, desempeñaron un rol significativo en el cuidado de la infancia.
Así, se consideró importante conservar en el álbum familiar la imagen del benjamín
del hogar junto a la mujer que lo cuidó, como un testimonio significativo de la historia o
memoria visual de la familia. No obstante, aunque poseen la misma relevancia que otros
géneros desarrollados por el estudio limeño, estos retratos han sido excluidos o poco
abordados en los trabajos dedicados al mismo y, en general, a la historia de la fotografía
peruana. Por ello, lejos de considerarla como un elemento decorativo o figurante en la
fotografía, esta investigación busca visibilizar y destacar la imagen de la nodriza afroperuana
como un sujeto de representación con un lugar importante y activo en la composición de este
icónico retrato realizado por el célebre estudio Courret, entre 1879 y 1912.
Among the universe of images that make up the valuable collection of one of the most emblematic photographic firms of nineteenth-century Lima, the Courret studio (1863-1935), is a visual record representative of an old custom that remained part of the idiosyncrasy of nineteenth-century families: the dual portrait of the baby or infant of Lima's elite together with its Afro-Peruvian wet nurse. This configuration of the portrait was intended to project the bond or affective proximity between the children and their mothers, being one of the fundamental features of this model of representation, recognized and widely spread throughout the Americas. In Peru, the presence of an African wetnurse in stately homes dates back to the viceregal period. In the 19th century, the preference for Afro-Peruvian wet nurses was predominant, not only in the most traditional and aristocratic families of Lima, but also in notable families of foreign immigrants who arrived in the country. Thus, in the slow transition to the Victorian ideal of the nuclear family and the mother as the sole caregiver of her children, nannies of African descent, historically linked to this ancient profession, played an important role in the care of the infancy. Thus, it was considered important to preserve in the family album the image of the youngest child of the household with the woman who took care of him, as a significant testimony of the history or visual memory of the family. However, although they have the same relevance as other genres developed by the Lima studio, these portraits have been excluded or little addressed in the works dedicated to them and, in general, to the history of Peruvian photography. Therefore, far from considering her as a decorative or figurant element in photography, this research seeks to make visible and highlight the image of the Afro-Peruvian wet nurse as a subject of representation with an important and active place in the composition of this iconic portrait made by the famous Courret studio, between 1879 and 1912.
Among the universe of images that make up the valuable collection of one of the most emblematic photographic firms of nineteenth-century Lima, the Courret studio (1863-1935), is a visual record representative of an old custom that remained part of the idiosyncrasy of nineteenth-century families: the dual portrait of the baby or infant of Lima's elite together with its Afro-Peruvian wet nurse. This configuration of the portrait was intended to project the bond or affective proximity between the children and their mothers, being one of the fundamental features of this model of representation, recognized and widely spread throughout the Americas. In Peru, the presence of an African wetnurse in stately homes dates back to the viceregal period. In the 19th century, the preference for Afro-Peruvian wet nurses was predominant, not only in the most traditional and aristocratic families of Lima, but also in notable families of foreign immigrants who arrived in the country. Thus, in the slow transition to the Victorian ideal of the nuclear family and the mother as the sole caregiver of her children, nannies of African descent, historically linked to this ancient profession, played an important role in the care of the infancy. Thus, it was considered important to preserve in the family album the image of the youngest child of the household with the woman who took care of him, as a significant testimony of the history or visual memory of the family. However, although they have the same relevance as other genres developed by the Lima studio, these portraits have been excluded or little addressed in the works dedicated to them and, in general, to the history of Peruvian photography. Therefore, far from considering her as a decorative or figurant element in photography, this research seeks to make visible and highlight the image of the Afro-Peruvian wet nurse as a subject of representation with an important and active place in the composition of this iconic portrait made by the famous Courret studio, between 1879 and 1912.
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Estudio Courret Hermanos, Fotografías--Perú--Lima--Historia--Siglo XIX, Nodrizas--Perú--Lima--Historia--Siglo XIX, Mujeres negras--Perú--Lima--Historia--Siglo XIX, Africanos en Perú--Lima--Historia--Siglo XIX, Lima--Vida social y costumbres--Siglo XIX
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