Indianidad e indigenismo en las Cortes de Cadiz (1780 – 1820): El pensamiento de Miguel de Eyzaguirre criollo indigenista y precursor
Date
2024-06-26
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
El estudio trata los diferentes discursos políticos entorno al indio en el
escenario de las Cortes de Cádiz en el lapso entre 1780 y 1820, enfatizando la
figura de don Miguel de Eyzaguirre, Protector de indios y Oidor criollo de
Valparaíso en la Real Audiencia de Lima.
El periodo comprende los años que suceden al primer levantamiento
organizado y dirigido por indios, con un programa revolucionario que llama a la
unidad de clases. La crisis social de finales del siglo XVIII está tipificada por las
revueltas de los indios y el periodo de 1808 a 1820, por las consecuencias
decepcionantes frente al indio de la derrota militar de estos levantamientos.
Aquí se sitúa históricamente el debate entre las corrientes ideológicas del
indigenismo y el indianismo; la primera referida a la defensa del indio desde la
mirada paternalista del no indio y, la segunda, a la defensa del indio desde el
indio mismo.
Se expone el debate respecto al rol social del indio y las implicancias de su
cambio de condición de siervo a ciudadano, en particular, en términos del
tributo indígena y la propiedad sobre la tierra, y como esta coyuntura, así como
la profunda desconfianza de los indios hacia los representantes del sistema,
influencian sus posiciones respecto a la causa separatista,
Estas ideas, desarrolladas y discutidas en las Cortes de Cádiz, se mantienen
vigentes aún hoy, en los postulados de las organizaciones indígenas que
continúan luchando por sus derechos.
This study covers the different political discourses around the indigenous population (indios) in the scenario of the Court of Cadiz in the period from 1780 to 1820, focusing on the figure of Don Miguel de Eyzaguirre, Protector de indios and criollo Judge (Oidor) from Valparaiso in the Royal Court of Lima. The period comprises the years following the first uprising organized and conducted by indios, with a revolutionary program calling for the unity of all classes. The social crisis of the late XVIII century is typified by the rising of the indios, and the years from 1808 to 1920 by the disappointing consequences for the indios of the military defeat of this uprising. This is where the debate between the ideological currents of Indigenism and Indianism is situated historically, the first referring to the defense of the indio from the paternalistic gaze of the foreigner (no indio), and the second to the defense of the indio from the indio themself. We present the debate around the social role of the indio and the implications of their change of condition from servant to citizen, in particular in terms of the indigenous tribute and the property of the land; and how this situation, as well as the profound mistrust of the indios towards the representatives of the system influenced their positions in regard to the separatist cause. These ideas, developed and discussed in the Court of Cadiz, remain current even today in the discourse of indigenous organizations who continue to fight for their rights.
This study covers the different political discourses around the indigenous population (indios) in the scenario of the Court of Cadiz in the period from 1780 to 1820, focusing on the figure of Don Miguel de Eyzaguirre, Protector de indios and criollo Judge (Oidor) from Valparaiso in the Royal Court of Lima. The period comprises the years following the first uprising organized and conducted by indios, with a revolutionary program calling for the unity of all classes. The social crisis of the late XVIII century is typified by the rising of the indios, and the years from 1808 to 1920 by the disappointing consequences for the indios of the military defeat of this uprising. This is where the debate between the ideological currents of Indigenism and Indianism is situated historically, the first referring to the defense of the indio from the paternalistic gaze of the foreigner (no indio), and the second to the defense of the indio from the indio themself. We present the debate around the social role of the indio and the implications of their change of condition from servant to citizen, in particular in terms of the indigenous tribute and the property of the land; and how this situation, as well as the profound mistrust of the indios towards the representatives of the system influenced their positions in regard to the separatist cause. These ideas, developed and discussed in the Court of Cadiz, remain current even today in the discourse of indigenous organizations who continue to fight for their rights.
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Keywords
Eyzaguirre, Miguel de, España. Cortes de Cádiz, Indios--Condiciones sociales, Indios--Condición jurídica, leyes, etc., Indios--Impuestos
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