Hacia una delimitación objetiva de la incapacidad moral permanente como causal de vacancia presidencial en el Perú: Aportes del derecho comparado
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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En el presente artículo se lleva cabo un análisis de la ambigüedad y el uso
político de la causal de vacancia presidencial por incapacidad moral permanente,
contenida en el artículo 113 inciso 2 de la Constitución. En tal sentido, se plantea
como problema central la indeterminación conceptual de lo que se entiende por
“incapacidad moral permanente”, que permite su instrumentalización por parte
del Congreso para destituir Presidentes sin cumplir determinados estándares
probatorios ni garantías procesales exhaustivas.
Así, entre los instrumentos normativos a los que se recurre en este análisis están
los artículos 113 inciso 2, el artículo 117, el artículo 43 y el artículo 139 de la
Constitución y el artículo 89-A del Reglamento del Congreso. Asimismo, se hace
referencia a jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional (en específico la
Sentencia N.º 778/2020 recaída en el Expediente N.º 00002-2020-CC/TC) y a
estándares internacionales contenidos en la Convención Americana sobre
Derechos Humanos, al Pacto Interamericano de Derechos Civiles y Políticos,
pronunciamientos de la CIDH y a la jurisprudencia de la Corte IDH (casos Petro
Urrego vs. Colombia y Cuya Lavy y otros vs. Perú). Además, se desarrolla
detalladamente modelos de destitución presidencial provenientes del derecho
comparado como las experiencias de Estados Unidos, Alemania y Brasil.
Aunado a ello, se hace citan informes y opiniones de organizaciones
internacionales especializadas como la Federación Interamericana de Derechos
Humanos (FIDH) y Human Rights Watch para contextualizar la problemática y
contrastar enfoques.
Como resultado del análisis presentado, se concluye que, en primer lugar, la
causal de incapacidad moral permanente carece de objetividad y facilita un
número elevado de vacancias motivadas por intereses políticos. En segundo
lugar, la aplicación recurrente de esta causal ha erosionado la gobernabilidad y
la confianza pública en sus instituciones, por lo que es imprescindible delimitar
la figura mediante criterios objetivos, supuestos cerrados e incorporar
estándares mínimos de debido proceso. En tercer lugar, los modelos
estadounidense, alemán y brasilero ofrecen elementos útiles (como un estándar
probatorio elevado, un control judicial aparte de la decisión tomada en el
Parlamento, etc.) para dotar de razonabilidad a esta causal con el fin de proteger
la separación de poderes.
This article undertakes an analysis of the ambiguity and political use of the presidential vacancy on grounds of permanent moral incapacity, as established in Article 113, subsection 2 of the Constitution. The central issue addressed is the conceptual indeterminacy of what is understood by “permanent moral incapacity,” which enables its instrumentalization by Congress to remove presidents without meeting specific evidentiary standards or comprehensive procedural guarantees. Accordingly, the normative instruments considered in this analysis include Articles 113(2), 117, 43, and 139 of the Constitution, as well as Article 89-A of the Rules of Congress. Reference is also made to Constitutional Court jurisprudence (specifically Judgment No. 778/2020 in Case File No. 00002-2020- CC/TC) and to international standards contained in the American Convention on Human Rights, the Inter-American Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, pronouncements of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (cases Petro Urrego v. Colombia and Cuya Lavy et al. v. Peru). Furthermore, the article examines in detail models of presidential removal drawn from comparative law, such as the experiences of the United States, Germany, and Brazil. In addition, reports and opinions from specialized international organizations such as the Inter-American Federation for Human Rights and Human Rights Watch are cited to contextualize the issue and contrast perspectives. As a result of the analysis, three main conclusions are reached. First, the ground of permanent moral incapacity lacks objectivity and facilitates a high number of vacancies driven by political interests. Second, the recurrent application of this ground has eroded governance and public trust in institutions, making it imperative to delimit the figure through objective criteria, closed assumptions, and the incorporation of minimum standards of due process. Third, the U.S., German, and Brazilian models provide useful elements (such as a heightened evidentiary standard and judicial review independent of parliamentary decisions) to render this ground more reasonable and to safeguard the separation of powers.
This article undertakes an analysis of the ambiguity and political use of the presidential vacancy on grounds of permanent moral incapacity, as established in Article 113, subsection 2 of the Constitution. The central issue addressed is the conceptual indeterminacy of what is understood by “permanent moral incapacity,” which enables its instrumentalization by Congress to remove presidents without meeting specific evidentiary standards or comprehensive procedural guarantees. Accordingly, the normative instruments considered in this analysis include Articles 113(2), 117, 43, and 139 of the Constitution, as well as Article 89-A of the Rules of Congress. Reference is also made to Constitutional Court jurisprudence (specifically Judgment No. 778/2020 in Case File No. 00002-2020- CC/TC) and to international standards contained in the American Convention on Human Rights, the Inter-American Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, pronouncements of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (cases Petro Urrego v. Colombia and Cuya Lavy et al. v. Peru). Furthermore, the article examines in detail models of presidential removal drawn from comparative law, such as the experiences of the United States, Germany, and Brazil. In addition, reports and opinions from specialized international organizations such as the Inter-American Federation for Human Rights and Human Rights Watch are cited to contextualize the issue and contrast perspectives. As a result of the analysis, three main conclusions are reached. First, the ground of permanent moral incapacity lacks objectivity and facilitates a high number of vacancies driven by political interests. Second, the recurrent application of this ground has eroded governance and public trust in institutions, making it imperative to delimit the figure through objective criteria, closed assumptions, and the incorporation of minimum standards of due process. Third, the U.S., German, and Brazilian models provide useful elements (such as a heightened evidentiary standard and judicial review independent of parliamentary decisions) to render this ground more reasonable and to safeguard the separation of powers.
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Palabras clave
Derechos fundamentales--Perú, Presidencialismo--Aspectos morales y éticos--Perú, Derecho--Filosofía, Gobernabilidad--Perú
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