Análisis del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar “Qali Warma” en el Distrito de Pachacamac: Intervención en contexto COVID-19
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar “Qali Warma” (PNAEQW), ofrece
el servicio de alimentación progresiva, conforme a los hábitos de consumo local y
en cogestión con la población a fin de procurar que el servicio sea sostenible para
los escolares de las instituciones estatales. Desde sus inicios el servicio
alimentario estuvo orientado a su consumo dentro de las aulas y antes de iniciar
la jornada escolar, ello debido a que uno de los objetivos del programa social es
el aportar a mejorar la concentración de los estudiantes durante las clases,
fomentando la asistencia y permanencia; siendo así, la alimentación constituye
una condición mínima y esencial para el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje, pues,
no se puede estudiar con hambre.
Sin embargo, una de las consecuencias que generó la enfermedad Covid-19, fue
que el año escolar se desarrolle mediante clases a distancia con la estrategia
“aprendo en casa”; esto implicó que los escolares usuarios del PNAEQW no se
encuentren presencialmente en las instituciones educativas, lo que representó un
verdadero reto para continuar brindando el servicio alimentario.
En este contexto, se ha investigado como primer término, las acciones que el
PNAEQW ha adoptado frente al Covid-19; asimismo, se ha analizado si estas han
sido efectivas para que el servicio alimentario llegue a los escolares que no
asistían de manera presencial a las instituciones educativas. La investigación se
circunscribió al ámbito del distrito de Pachacamac, en el tiempo comprendido entre
abril a junio del 2021; para ello se ha realizado el análisis de la normativa
(legalidad) y la revisión de documentación emitida por el PNAEQW, así como, de
la percepción de los actores involucrados (legitimidad).
Como resultado de la investigación, se ha identificado que el PNAEQW contaba
con condiciones de carácter legal y operativo que facilitaban la intervención en el
contexto COVID-19; sin embargo, con el fin de asegurar el acceso de sus usuarios
al servicio alimentario, fue necesario incorporar la participación de los padres de
familia, como actores estratégicos y esenciales en la intervención del programa;
asimismo, tuvo que adecuar su marco normativo e impulsar otras estrategias que
contribuyeran a que sus usuarios accedan a los alimentos, como fue el caso del
Decreto Legislativo N° 1472, que facultó al PNAEQW, a brindar de forma
excepcional la alimentación a las comunidades y personas consideradas
vulnerables, esto en razón del marco de la emergencia sanitaria durante el Covid-
19; puesto que, la población vulnerable del distrito de Pachacamac, está
constituida también por familias que tienen hijos en edad escolar.
En este marco se evidenció, entre otros aspectos que ameritan atención critica,
una débil articulación del PNAEQW con el ministerio de Salud, sector clave en el
tratamiento preventivo y de respuesta ante los efectos sanitarios en el contexto
Covid-19; falta de criterios de focalización de los usuarios para la atención
alimentaria prevista por el D.L. N° 1472; falta de fortalecimiento de la veeduría
ciudadana en la aplicación del mencionado decreto legislativo; así como falta de
estudios objetivos que midan el impacto del servicio alimentario escolar en el
proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje.
En el distrito de Pachacamac, fue necesario reforzar aspectos relacionados a la
cantidad, pertinencia cultural y nutricional, a fin de que los productos que se
entregaban cada 30 días tuvieran aceptabilidad de los padres y los usuarios, lo
cual consecuentemente influye en el consumo de los mismos. Asimismo, estas
acciones estuvieron acompañadas por procesos de capacitación y sensibilización
sobre la relevancia de optar con las medidas de bioseguridad para el recojo de
alimentos, así como para la preparación y consumo en los hogares.
Se identificó que, para que los usuarios del PNAEQW accedan y consuman los
alimentos en el contexto Covid-19, era indispensable que los padres acudan a la
instituciones educativas a recoger los productos, para lo cual debían tomar
conocimiento de las fechas de entrega con la debida anticipación; sin embargo,
como parte de los resultados de la investigación, se concluyó que la comunicación
debe mejorar, puesto que los padres encuestados manifiestan que se enteran un
día antes o incluso el mismo día del reparto; está situación podría generar el riesgo
que los usuarios no accedan oportunamente a los alimentos.
La realización de la presente investigación ha permitido, generar un aporte al
servicio alimentario escolar, mediante la elaboración de una iniciativa de mejora,
la cual implica una directiva que fomenta la implementación de canales de difusión
del cronograma de entrega, medidas de bioseguridad y sanitarias, a los padres de
usuarios del PNAEQW.
The National School Feeding Program Qali Warma (PNAEQW) must provide a progressive food service, adapted to local consumption habits, co-managed with the community, seeking a quality, sustainable and healthy service for schoolchildren from educational institutions public (DS No. 008-2012-MIDIS ); Since its inception, the food service was oriented to the consumption of food within educational institutions, before starting the school day; since one of its objectives as a social program is to contribute to improving the attention in classes, favoring their attendance and permanence; Therefore, food constitutes a minimum and essential condition for the teaching-learning process, since “you cannot study with hunger”. However, one of the consequences generated by the COVID-19 disease has been that the school year is developed through distance classes with the “I learn at home” strategy; This implies that the school users of the PNAEQW are not present in the educational institutions, which represents a real challenge to continue providing a quality food service and not deprive the users of the PNAEQW of the opportunity to have food. In this framework, the actions that the PNAEQW has taken against COVID -19 have been investigated first; Likewise, it has been analyzed whether these have been effective for the food service to reach schoolchildren who currently do not attend educational institutions in person; The investigation was limited to the area of the Pachacamac district, in the period from April to June 2021; For this, a review and analysis of the regulations (legality), documentation issued by the PNAEQW, the analysis of the perception of the main actors involved (legitimacy) has been carried out. As a result of the investigation, it has been determined that the PNAEQW had legal and operational conditions that facilitated intervention in the COVID-19 context; However, in order to ensure the access of its users to the food service, it was necessary to involve parents, as strategic and essential actors in the intervention of the program; Likewise, it had to adapt its regulatory framework and promote other strategies that contribute to its users having access to food, as was the case with Legislative Decree No. 1472 that empowered the PNAEQW to exceptionally provide food for people in vulnerable situations, in the framework of the health emergency declared as a result of COVID-19; since the vulnerable population of the Pachacamac district is made up of families with children of school age. In the district of Pachacamac, it was necessary to reinforce aspects related to quantity, cultural and nutritional relevance, so that the products that were delivered every 30 days had acceptability by parents and users, which consequently influences in their consumption. Likewise, these actions were accompanied by training and awareness-raising processes on the importance of biosecurity measures during the collection, preparation and consumption of food by users in their homes. It was identified that for PNAEQW users to access and consume food in the COVID-19 context, it is essential that parents go to educational institutions to collect the products, for which they must be aware of the delivery dates with due anticipation; However, as part of the results of this research, it has been shown that communication must improve, since the parents surveyed state that they find out a day before and on the same day of the distribution; This situation could generate the risk that users do not access food in a timely manner. The realization of the present investigation has allowed to generate a contribution to the school food service, through the development of an improvement proposal, through the design of a directive that promotes the implementation of channels for the dissemination of the delivery schedule, biosafety measures and health, to the parents of users of the National School Feeding Program QaliWarma.
The National School Feeding Program Qali Warma (PNAEQW) must provide a progressive food service, adapted to local consumption habits, co-managed with the community, seeking a quality, sustainable and healthy service for schoolchildren from educational institutions public (DS No. 008-2012-MIDIS ); Since its inception, the food service was oriented to the consumption of food within educational institutions, before starting the school day; since one of its objectives as a social program is to contribute to improving the attention in classes, favoring their attendance and permanence; Therefore, food constitutes a minimum and essential condition for the teaching-learning process, since “you cannot study with hunger”. However, one of the consequences generated by the COVID-19 disease has been that the school year is developed through distance classes with the “I learn at home” strategy; This implies that the school users of the PNAEQW are not present in the educational institutions, which represents a real challenge to continue providing a quality food service and not deprive the users of the PNAEQW of the opportunity to have food. In this framework, the actions that the PNAEQW has taken against COVID -19 have been investigated first; Likewise, it has been analyzed whether these have been effective for the food service to reach schoolchildren who currently do not attend educational institutions in person; The investigation was limited to the area of the Pachacamac district, in the period from April to June 2021; For this, a review and analysis of the regulations (legality), documentation issued by the PNAEQW, the analysis of the perception of the main actors involved (legitimacy) has been carried out. As a result of the investigation, it has been determined that the PNAEQW had legal and operational conditions that facilitated intervention in the COVID-19 context; However, in order to ensure the access of its users to the food service, it was necessary to involve parents, as strategic and essential actors in the intervention of the program; Likewise, it had to adapt its regulatory framework and promote other strategies that contribute to its users having access to food, as was the case with Legislative Decree No. 1472 that empowered the PNAEQW to exceptionally provide food for people in vulnerable situations, in the framework of the health emergency declared as a result of COVID-19; since the vulnerable population of the Pachacamac district is made up of families with children of school age. In the district of Pachacamac, it was necessary to reinforce aspects related to quantity, cultural and nutritional relevance, so that the products that were delivered every 30 days had acceptability by parents and users, which consequently influences in their consumption. Likewise, these actions were accompanied by training and awareness-raising processes on the importance of biosecurity measures during the collection, preparation and consumption of food by users in their homes. It was identified that for PNAEQW users to access and consume food in the COVID-19 context, it is essential that parents go to educational institutions to collect the products, for which they must be aware of the delivery dates with due anticipation; However, as part of the results of this research, it has been shown that communication must improve, since the parents surveyed state that they find out a day before and on the same day of the distribution; This situation could generate the risk that users do not access food in a timely manner. The realization of the present investigation has allowed to generate a contribution to the school food service, through the development of an improvement proposal, through the design of a directive that promotes the implementation of channels for the dissemination of the delivery schedule, biosafety measures and health, to the parents of users of the National School Feeding Program QaliWarma.
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Palabras clave
Programas sociales--Evaluación--Perú, Pandemia de COVID-19, 2020---Aspectos sociales--Perú, Política alimentaria--Perú--Siglo XXI