Proceso de reasentamiento de poblaciones en muy alto riesgo no mitigable, de manera eficiente y sostenible
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El acelerado crecimiento de las ciudades, junto con el aumento poblacional, el
empobrecimiento de algunas zonas y los escenarios de violencia y conflictos armados,
han obligado a miles de personas a desplazarse y buscar mejores condiciones de vida. En
el Perú, la violencia generada por el terrorismo en la sierra central provocó inestabilidad
económica e inseguridad, detonando una intensa migración hacia las periferias de las
grandes ciudades. En muchos casos, estas poblaciones ocuparon áreas de muy alto riesgo
no mitigable, donde la probabilidad de daños a la integridad física de los habitantes, a sus
bienes privados y a las inversiones del Estado, es elevada. Por tal motivo, resulta
necesario diseñar estrategias eficientes que permitan reasentar a dichas comunidades en
lugares de menor exposición a los peligros de origen natural que son cada vez más severos
y frecuentes, favoreciendo así el desarrollo de ciudades sostenibles y resilientes.
En la actualidad, el Perú cuenta con un marco legal en materia de reasentamiento
poblacional de zonas en muy alto riesgo no mitigable, que incluye guías metodológicas y
responsabilidades definidas para diversas entidades de los tres niveles de gobierno
conformantes del Sistema Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres (SINAGERD);
sin embargo, las iniciativas implementadas a nivel nacional han sido escasas y, de las
pocas ejecutadas, se ha evidenciado un gran descontento por parte de los reasentados, al
no establecerse estrategias integrales que garanticen el cumplimiento de los objetivos
planteados.
En ese contexto, la presente investigación propone recomendaciones orientadas a
fortalecer el proceso de reasentamiento de poblaciones en muy alto riesgo no mitigable
en el Perú, de manera eficiente y sostenible en el tiempo. Para ello, se revisará la
metodología internacional aplicada por entidades como el Banco Mundial, ACNUR, la
Fundación Esfera, CEPAL, entre otras, para la ejecución del reasentamiento poblacional
ante diferentes escenarios; asimismo, se analizarán los casos de éxito y las experiencias
positivas en Latinoamérica y otras regiones del mundo, especialmente en lo referida la
autoconstrucción dirigida y recuperación de los medios de vida de la población.
The rapid growth of cities, coupled with population increases, the impoverishment of some areas, and the prevalence of violence and armed conflict, has forced thousands of people to migrate in search of better living conditions. In Peru, the violence generated by terrorism in the central highlands caused economic instability and insecurity, triggering intense migration to the outskirts of large cities. In many cases, these populations occupy areas of very high, unmitigable risk, where the probability of harm to the physical safety of residents, their private property, and state investments is high. Therefore, it is necessary to design efficient strategies that allow these communities to be resettled in places with less exposure to increasingly severe and frequent natural hazards, thus promoting the development of sustainable and resilient cities. Currently, Peru has a legal framework for the resettlement of populations from areas at very high, unmitigable risk, which includes methodological guidelines and defined responsibilities for various entities at all three levels of government comprising the National Disaster Risk Management System (SINAGERD). However, initiatives implemented at the national level have been scarce, and those few have generated significant discontent among resettled populations due to the lack of comprehensive strategies to guarantee the achievement of the stated objectives. In this context, this research proposes recommendations aimed at strengthening the resettlement process for populations at very high, unmitigable risk in Peru, in an efficient and sustainable manner. To this end, the international methodologies applied by entities such as the World Bank, UNHCR, the Sphere Foundation, and ECLAC, among others, for the implementation of population resettlement in different scenarios will be reviewed. In addition, success stories and positive experiences in Latin America and other regions of the world will be analyzed, especially regarding directed self-construction and recovery of the population's livelihoods.
The rapid growth of cities, coupled with population increases, the impoverishment of some areas, and the prevalence of violence and armed conflict, has forced thousands of people to migrate in search of better living conditions. In Peru, the violence generated by terrorism in the central highlands caused economic instability and insecurity, triggering intense migration to the outskirts of large cities. In many cases, these populations occupy areas of very high, unmitigable risk, where the probability of harm to the physical safety of residents, their private property, and state investments is high. Therefore, it is necessary to design efficient strategies that allow these communities to be resettled in places with less exposure to increasingly severe and frequent natural hazards, thus promoting the development of sustainable and resilient cities. Currently, Peru has a legal framework for the resettlement of populations from areas at very high, unmitigable risk, which includes methodological guidelines and defined responsibilities for various entities at all three levels of government comprising the National Disaster Risk Management System (SINAGERD). However, initiatives implemented at the national level have been scarce, and those few have generated significant discontent among resettled populations due to the lack of comprehensive strategies to guarantee the achievement of the stated objectives. In this context, this research proposes recommendations aimed at strengthening the resettlement process for populations at very high, unmitigable risk in Peru, in an efficient and sustainable manner. To this end, the international methodologies applied by entities such as the World Bank, UNHCR, the Sphere Foundation, and ECLAC, among others, for the implementation of population resettlement in different scenarios will be reviewed. In addition, success stories and positive experiences in Latin America and other regions of the world will be analyzed, especially regarding directed self-construction and recovery of the population's livelihoods.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Migración forzosa--Perú, Administración de riesgos--Perú, Desastres naturales--Perú
Citación
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