Red neuronal de inteligencia artificial para optimizar las estrategias de investigación del delito del sicariato en Lima Metropolitana, 2021 - 2023
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El sicariato en Lima Metropolitana ha registrado un alarmante aumento entre los años
2021 y 2023, afectando la seguridad y el bienestar de la población, especialmente en
distritos como San Juan de Lurigancho, San Martín de Porres y Comas, los más
vulnerables de la capital. Este delito, definido como asesinatos por encargo, está
estrechamente relacionado con el crimen organizado, el narcotráfico y diversas
actividades ilícitas que emplean estas prácticas para afianzar su control sobre territorios
estratégicos.
El crecimiento del sicariato ha puesto a prueba la capacidad de respuesta de las
autoridades de seguridad y ha incrementado la sensación de inseguridad en la ciudadanía,
impactando su calidad de vida. Un análisis detallado de las causas que favorecen la
expansión de este fenómeno delictivo revela un entramado de factores tanto estructurales
como coyunturales. Entre los principales factores promotores del sicariato destacan la
pobreza, la exclusión social y la desigualdad, que generan condiciones propicias para que
personas en situación de vulnerabilidad sean reclutadas por redes criminales. Además, la
corrupción y las deficiencias en el sistema de seguridad y justicia dificultan la
investigación y el procesamiento de los responsables, lo que contribuye al fortalecimiento
del sicariato y a la pérdida de confianza en las instituciones.
Para profundizar en las dinámicas que favorecen el sicariato, se empleó el modelo de
determinantes sociales de Dahlgren y Whitehead, el cual permite clasificar los factores
en tres niveles: individuales, comunitarios y estructurales. Este marco analítico ayudó a
identificar cómo operan el crimen organizado, las desigualdades económicas, la
corrupción en las fuerzas del orden, las falencias del sistema judicial y la normalización
de la violencia en los medios de comunicación, así como el reclutamiento de menores.
Estos elementos interactúan y se refuerzan mutuamente, promoviendo la continuidad del
fenómeno. En consecuencia, se destaca la importancia de adoptar un enfoque integral que
no solo atienda las manifestaciones del problema, sino también sus causas intermedias y
estructurales, mediante políticas que aborden sus múltiples dimensiones.
Desde un punto de vista metodológico, se emplearon herramientas como el árbol de
problemas y matrices causales para determinar las áreas prioritarias de intervención. Uno
de los hallazgos más relevantes fue la identificación de la falta de coordinación entre las
instituciones de seguridad como un obstáculo clave que limita la respuesta al sicariato.
La falta de articulación entre estas entidades disminuye la eficacia de las investigaciones,
dificulta el flujo de información y genera esfuerzos duplicados, facilitando la actividad
criminal. Para abordar este desafío, se propuso la implementación de NeuralNet-
Seguridad, una plataforma tecnológica basada en inteligencia artificial que busca
optimizar la comunicación, promover la centralización de datos y la coordinación
operativa entre las entidades responsables de la seguridad.
NeuralNet-Seguridad es una solución innovadora que incorpora tecnologías avanzadas,
incluyendo redes neuronales, análisis predictivo y chatbots, con el objetivo de mejorar la
interacción entre la Policía Nacional del Perú (PNP), el sistema judicial y otros actores
clave en la lucha contra el sicariato. Además, esta plataforma contempla herramientas
para fomentar la participación ciudadana, permitiendo reportar actividades sospechosas
y fortalecer el vínculo entre la comunidad y la PNP. A pesar de los desafíos que podrían
surgir en su implementación, como la falta de capacitación en nuevas tecnologías, las
limitaciones en infraestructura y ciertas restricciones normativas, un análisis detallado de
la viabilidad, factibilidad y deseabilidad sugiere que el proyecto es viable.
La puesta en marcha de NeuralNet-Seguridad podría transformar la manera en que las
instituciones enfrentan el sicariato en Lima Metropolitana. Entre los beneficios esperados
se encuentran la reducción en los tiempos de respuesta, la mejora en la cantidad y calidad
de los casos resueltos, y el restablecimiento de la confianza de la ciudadanía en la PNP.
La propuesta integra estrategias preventivas como represivas, combinando herramientas
tecnológicas avanzadas que aseguran una solución sostenible a largo plazo. Su éxito
dependerá de factores como la voluntad política, la cooperación interinstitucional, el
fortalecimiento de capacidades técnicas y el cumplimiento del marco normativo vigente.
Este enfoque busca no solo abordar el problema del sicariato de manera efectiva, sino
también posicionar a las instituciones de seguridad como actores confiables y eficientes
en la protección de la ciudadanía.
Hitmen in Metropolitan Lima has registered an alarming increase between 2021 and 2023, affecting the security and well-being of the population, especially in districts such as San Juan de Lurigancho, San Martin de Porres and Comas, the most vulnerable in the capital. This crime, defined as contract killings, is closely related to organized crime, drug trafficking and various illicit activities that use these practices to strengthen their control over strategic territories. The growth of contract killings has put the response capacity of security authorities to the test and has increased the sense of insecurity among citizens, impacting their quality of life. A detailed analysis of the causes that favor the expansion of this criminal phenomenon reveals a network of both structural and circumstantial factors. Among the main factors that promote contract killings are poverty, social exclusion and inequality, which generate conditions conducive to the recruitment of people in vulnerable situations by criminal networks. In addition, corruption and deficiencies in the security and justice system make it difficult to investigate and prosecute those responsible, which contributes to the strengthening of hired assassinations and the loss of trust in institutions. To delve deeper into the dynamics that favor hired killings, the Dahlgren and Whitehead social determinants model was used to classify the factors into three levels: individual, community and structural. This analytical framework helped to identify how organized crime, economic inequalities, corruption in law enforcement, shortcomings in the judicial system and the normalization of violence in the media, as well as the recruitment of minors, operate. These elements interact and reinforce each other, promoting the continuity of the phenomenon. Consequently, the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach that not only addresses the manifestations of the problem, but also its intermediate and structural causes, through policies that address its multiple dimensions, is emphasized. From a methodological point of view, tools such as the problem tree and causal matrices were used to determine the priority areas for intervention. One of the most relevant findings was the identification of the lack of coordination among security institutions as a key obstacle limiting the response to the hired assassination. The lack of articulation between these entities diminishes the effectiveness of investigations, hinders the flow of information and generates duplicated efforts, facilitating criminal activity. To address this challenge, the implementation of NeuralNet- Seguridad, a technological platform, was proposed. NeuralNet-Seguridad, a technological platform based on artificial intelligence that seeks to optimize communication, promote data centralization and operational coordination among the entities responsible for security. NeuralNet-Seguridad is an innovative solution that incorporates advanced technologies, including neural networks, predictive analytics and chatbots, with the aim of improving the interaction between the National Police of Peru (PNP), the judicial system and other key actors in the fight against contract killings. In addition, this platform includes tools to encourage citizen participation, allowing the reporting of suspicious activities and strengthening the link between the community and the PNP. Despite the challenges that could arise in its implementation, such as the lack of training in new technologies, infrastructure limitations and certain regulatory restrictions, a detailed analysis of feasibility, viability and desirability suggests that the project is viable. The implementation of NeuralNet-Seguridad could transform the way in which institutions deal with the crime of murder in Metropolitan Lima. Among the expected benefits are a reduction in response times, an improvement in the quantity and quality of cases solved, and the reestablishment of citizen confidence in the PNP. The proposal integrates both preventive and repressive strategies, combining advanced technological tools that ensure a more efficient and effective response. Its success will depend on factors such as political will, inter-institutional cooperation, technical capacity building and compliance with the current regulatory framework. This approach seeks not only to address the problem of contract killings effectively, but also to position security institutions as reliable and efficient actors in the protection of citizens.
Hitmen in Metropolitan Lima has registered an alarming increase between 2021 and 2023, affecting the security and well-being of the population, especially in districts such as San Juan de Lurigancho, San Martin de Porres and Comas, the most vulnerable in the capital. This crime, defined as contract killings, is closely related to organized crime, drug trafficking and various illicit activities that use these practices to strengthen their control over strategic territories. The growth of contract killings has put the response capacity of security authorities to the test and has increased the sense of insecurity among citizens, impacting their quality of life. A detailed analysis of the causes that favor the expansion of this criminal phenomenon reveals a network of both structural and circumstantial factors. Among the main factors that promote contract killings are poverty, social exclusion and inequality, which generate conditions conducive to the recruitment of people in vulnerable situations by criminal networks. In addition, corruption and deficiencies in the security and justice system make it difficult to investigate and prosecute those responsible, which contributes to the strengthening of hired assassinations and the loss of trust in institutions. To delve deeper into the dynamics that favor hired killings, the Dahlgren and Whitehead social determinants model was used to classify the factors into three levels: individual, community and structural. This analytical framework helped to identify how organized crime, economic inequalities, corruption in law enforcement, shortcomings in the judicial system and the normalization of violence in the media, as well as the recruitment of minors, operate. These elements interact and reinforce each other, promoting the continuity of the phenomenon. Consequently, the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach that not only addresses the manifestations of the problem, but also its intermediate and structural causes, through policies that address its multiple dimensions, is emphasized. From a methodological point of view, tools such as the problem tree and causal matrices were used to determine the priority areas for intervention. One of the most relevant findings was the identification of the lack of coordination among security institutions as a key obstacle limiting the response to the hired assassination. The lack of articulation between these entities diminishes the effectiveness of investigations, hinders the flow of information and generates duplicated efforts, facilitating criminal activity. To address this challenge, the implementation of NeuralNet- Seguridad, a technological platform, was proposed. NeuralNet-Seguridad, a technological platform based on artificial intelligence that seeks to optimize communication, promote data centralization and operational coordination among the entities responsible for security. NeuralNet-Seguridad is an innovative solution that incorporates advanced technologies, including neural networks, predictive analytics and chatbots, with the aim of improving the interaction between the National Police of Peru (PNP), the judicial system and other key actors in the fight against contract killings. In addition, this platform includes tools to encourage citizen participation, allowing the reporting of suspicious activities and strengthening the link between the community and the PNP. Despite the challenges that could arise in its implementation, such as the lack of training in new technologies, infrastructure limitations and certain regulatory restrictions, a detailed analysis of feasibility, viability and desirability suggests that the project is viable. The implementation of NeuralNet-Seguridad could transform the way in which institutions deal with the crime of murder in Metropolitan Lima. Among the expected benefits are a reduction in response times, an improvement in the quantity and quality of cases solved, and the reestablishment of citizen confidence in the PNP. The proposal integrates both preventive and repressive strategies, combining advanced technological tools that ensure a more efficient and effective response. Its success will depend on factors such as political will, inter-institutional cooperation, technical capacity building and compliance with the current regulatory framework. This approach seeks not only to address the problem of contract killings effectively, but also to position security institutions as reliable and efficient actors in the protection of citizens.
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Policía Nacional (Perú), Crimen organizado--Perú--Lima Metropolitana, Investigación criminal--Innovaciones tecnológicas--Perú--Lima Metropolitana, Redes neuronales (Computación), Inteligencia artificial--Aplicaciones militares
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