El poder de las coaliciones en la arena de las políticas públicas: caso ley universitaria
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2019-06-04
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Esta investigación indaga y explica desde la mirada de la ciencia
política cuáles han sido los factores principales que influyeron en el logro del
establecimiento en la agenda institucional, debate y aprobación de la Ley
Universitaria N° 30220 por parte de los congresistas la República.
La aprobación de la mencionada ley fue un proceso antagónico y competitivo de
dos coaliciones enfrentadas en la arena de las políticas públicas. La coalición
pro reforma venció a la coalición anti reforma luego de un proceso altamente
político y de conflicto. La victoria se sustentó en la organización de una coalición
integrada por actores altamente movilizados y emprendedores de políticas
públicas con sustancial conocimiento de la política pública, quienes ejecutaron
con efectividad prácticas y estrategias de establecimiento de agenda, logrando
orillar a sus oponentes —varios de ellos congresistas dueños de universidades—
hacia la arena de competencia bulliciosa o visible de las políticas públicas, allí
donde los poderosos suelen perder contiendas importantes, incluso con
oponentes «débiles» y con bajos recursos económicos.
En ese sentido, la tesis, de naturaleza cualitativa y exploratoria, plantea que el
éxito o fracaso de las coaliciones enfrentadas dependerá en gran medida de los
siguientes factores: 1) peso y legitimidad de los actores y participación de
emprendedores de políticas públicas, 2) relevancia del problema público, 3)
identificación de actores de las coaliciones y el tipo de arena (bulliciosa o
silenciosa) en la que compiten y 4) desarrollo de una efectiva estrategia de
argumentación y comunicación.
Para demostrar lo anterior, se analizó el proceso de establecimiento de agenda,
debate y aprobación de la Ley Universitaria en el año 2014. El análisis del caso
nos enseña que aun en contextos adversos, los decisores gubernamentales
pueden hacer políticas públicas con discusión política, aprovechando las
ventajas competitivas, ventanas de oportunidad y la relevancia del problema
público.
This research goes in depth and explains from a political science viewpoint which are the main factors that influenced the achievement of the stablishing in the institutional agenda, debate and approval of the Ley Universitaria N°30220 drafted by the members of the Congress of the Republic. The approval of the aforementioned law was an antagonistic and competitive process of two coalitions facing each other in the arena of public policies. The pro-reform coalition defeated the anti-reform coalition after a highly politic and conflicted process. The victory was based in the organization of an integrated coalition by highly mobilized actors and public policy entrepreneurs with substantial knowledge of public politics, whom executed practices and strategies of agenda stablishing with effectiveness, managing to sideline their opponents — several of them university owners congressmen— into the arena of noisy or visible competition of public policy, where the powerful often lose important contentions even with «weak» opponents and low economic resources. In this regard, the thesis, of both qualitative and exploratory nature, postures that the success or failure of the coalitions participating in the process will in a large extent depend on the following factors: 1) weight and legitimacy of the actors and participation of public policy entrepreneurs, 2) relevance of the public problem, 3) identification of actors in the coalitions and the type of the arena (noisy or quiet) in which they compete and 4) development of an effective strategy of argumentation and communication. To prove what has been said above, the process of establishment of agenda, debating and approval of the Ley Universitaria in 2014 was analyzed. The analysis of the case teaches us that even in an adverse situation, the decision makers can make public politics with politic discussion, taking advantage of the competitive advantages, windows of opportunity and the relevance of the public problem.
This research goes in depth and explains from a political science viewpoint which are the main factors that influenced the achievement of the stablishing in the institutional agenda, debate and approval of the Ley Universitaria N°30220 drafted by the members of the Congress of the Republic. The approval of the aforementioned law was an antagonistic and competitive process of two coalitions facing each other in the arena of public policies. The pro-reform coalition defeated the anti-reform coalition after a highly politic and conflicted process. The victory was based in the organization of an integrated coalition by highly mobilized actors and public policy entrepreneurs with substantial knowledge of public politics, whom executed practices and strategies of agenda stablishing with effectiveness, managing to sideline their opponents — several of them university owners congressmen— into the arena of noisy or visible competition of public policy, where the powerful often lose important contentions even with «weak» opponents and low economic resources. In this regard, the thesis, of both qualitative and exploratory nature, postures that the success or failure of the coalitions participating in the process will in a large extent depend on the following factors: 1) weight and legitimacy of the actors and participation of public policy entrepreneurs, 2) relevance of the public problem, 3) identification of actors in the coalitions and the type of the arena (noisy or quiet) in which they compete and 4) development of an effective strategy of argumentation and communication. To prove what has been said above, the process of establishment of agenda, debating and approval of the Ley Universitaria in 2014 was analyzed. The analysis of the case teaches us that even in an adverse situation, the decision makers can make public politics with politic discussion, taking advantage of the competitive advantages, windows of opportunity and the relevance of the public problem.
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Perú. Congreso, Coaliciones--Perú, Educación superior y Estado--Perú, Políticas públicas--Perú
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