Desafíos en la gestión de la calidad ambiental de la industria eléctrica en el Perú: Promoción de buenas prácticas ambientales frente a la incertidumbre del daño
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
El artículo analiza la problemática en la determinación de costos evitados en el
sector eléctrico peruano cuando existe incertidumbre en la valoración del daño
ambiental. A través del análisis de seis resoluciones del Tribunal de Fiscalización
Ambiental (2021-2024), se evidencia una marcada inconsistencia en los criterios
aplicados para determinar estos costos, lo que genera inseguridad jurídica e
impredictibilidad para los administrados, desincentivando la inversión en
prevención ambiental.
En el desarrollo del análisis, se revisan instrumentos normativos ambientales,
incluyendo el Reglamento para la Protección Ambiental en las Actividades
Eléctricas, la Ley General del Ambiente, el Reglamento del Procedimiento
Administrativo Sancionador del OEFA, y marcos internacionales como los
Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agenda 2030.
Las principales conclusiones señalan que la disparidad en los pronunciamientos
del Tribunal afecta negativamente la promoción de buenas prácticas
ambientales; los procedimientos sancionadores deben reformularse para actuar
no solo como medidas punitivas sino como herramientas de promoción; y es
necesario un enfoque integral que combine medidas de promoción, regulaciones
claras y mecanismos de responsabilidad ambiental. Por ello, se concluye que es
necesario fortalecer el marco regulatorio mediante la clarificación de
lineamientos para determinar costos evitados, establecer criterios objetivos para
prever consecuencias de incumplimientos, y promover mecanismos que
incentiven la inversión en medidas preventivas.
The article analyzes the issues in determining avoided costs in the Peruvian electrical sector when there is uncertainty in the assessment of environmental damage. Through the analysis of six resolutions from the Environmental Enforcement Tribunal (2021-2024), there is evidence of marked inconsistency in the criteria applied to determine these costs, which generates legal uncertainty and unpredictability for regulated entities, discouraging investment in environmental prevention. In developing the analysis, environmental regulatory instruments are reviewed, including the Regulation for Environmental Protection in Electrical Activities, the General Environmental Law, OEFA's Administrative Sanctioning Procedure Regulation, and international frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. The main conclusions indicate that the disparity in the Tribunal's rulings negatively affects the promotion of good environmental practices; sanctioning procedures should be reformulated to act not only as punitive measures but also as promotional tools; and a comprehensive approach is needed that combines promotional measures, clear regulations, and environmental responsibility mechanisms. Therefore, it is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the regulatory framework by clarifying guidelines for determining avoided costs, establishing objective criteria to anticipate consequences of non-compliance, and promoting mechanisms that encourage investment in preventive measures.
The article analyzes the issues in determining avoided costs in the Peruvian electrical sector when there is uncertainty in the assessment of environmental damage. Through the analysis of six resolutions from the Environmental Enforcement Tribunal (2021-2024), there is evidence of marked inconsistency in the criteria applied to determine these costs, which generates legal uncertainty and unpredictability for regulated entities, discouraging investment in environmental prevention. In developing the analysis, environmental regulatory instruments are reviewed, including the Regulation for Environmental Protection in Electrical Activities, the General Environmental Law, OEFA's Administrative Sanctioning Procedure Regulation, and international frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. The main conclusions indicate that the disparity in the Tribunal's rulings negatively affects the promotion of good environmental practices; sanctioning procedures should be reformulated to act not only as punitive measures but also as promotional tools; and a comprehensive approach is needed that combines promotional measures, clear regulations, and environmental responsibility mechanisms. Therefore, it is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the regulatory framework by clarifying guidelines for determining avoided costs, establishing objective criteria to anticipate consequences of non-compliance, and promoting mechanisms that encourage investment in preventive measures.
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Control ambiental--Perú, Riesgo ambiental--Prevención--Perú, Sanciones administrativas--Jurisprudencia--Perú, Industria eléctrica--Aspectos ambientales--Perú, Derecho ambiental--Jurisprudencia--Perú