Diseño de una red de telecomunicaciones basada en tecnología mmWAVE, GPON y WIFI MESH para brindar conectividad de alta capacidad al centro poblado Huancarpuquio – Tintay – Aymaraes - Apurímac bajo un enfoque social de proyecto
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El centro poblado de Huancarpuquio presenta una baja calidad de conectividad a servicios
tecnológicos y digitales, causada por su reducida densidad poblacional y el escaso interés
de los grandes operadores de telecomunicaciones, quienes no despliegan infraestructura
debido a los altos costos de inversión y la baja tasa de retorno. Huancarpuquio cuenta
con un territorio de 3,305.00 ha, sobre el cual residen 146 ciudadanos (según el censo
del año 2017). Se realizó la proyección poblacional a la fecha actual, aplicando una tasa
de decrecimiento regional de -1.9% y un factor de 3.5 personas por familia (ENAO),
obteniéndose un total de 145 ciudadanos distribuidos en 41 familias beneficiarias directas
y 58 indirectas, considerando como tal a los centros poblados de Taquebamba y San
Mateo.
Se evaluaron diversas alternativas de solución, comparando el Valor Actual de los Costos
Sociales Totales (VACST) de cada propuesta, considerando únicamente los costos de
implementación, mantenimiento y equipamiento, con un horizonte de evaluación de cinco
años. Los resultados fueron los siguientes: red móvil (-S/ 605,841.52), red Hughesnet
(-S/ 664,227.87), red Starlink (-S/ 633,323.71) y red local de telecomunicaciones (-S/
308,210.21), optándose por esta última al presentar el menor costo de inversión social.
La capacidad requerida en Mbps se estimó según las velocidades mínimas de descarga
(20 Mbps) y carga (7 Mbps) con una fiabilidad del 70 %, recomendadas por el OSIPTEL
para internet fijo. Se determinó una demanda de 574 Mbps para usuarios directos, 814
Mbps para usuarios indirectos y 98 Mbps para la red WiFi Mesh comunitaria.
El diseño de la red local contempla la implementación de enlaces punto a punto (PTP)
en banda milimétrica, empleando equipos modelo PTP 850E. Se diseñaron dos vanos,
logrando un rendimiento de 5.269 Gbps para una distancia de 2.8 km y 6.022 Gbps para
1.3 km, ambos con una disponibilidad del 99,99% según simulaciones en LINKPlanner,
y márgenes de presupuesto positivos. Se diseño también el mapa de calor de la red WiFi
Mesh Outdoor con equipos sectoriales y omnidireccionales en las bandas de 2.4 y 5 GHz,
utilizando el software Ekahau AI Pro y equipos modelos C80082K0058 y XV2-2T0XA00.
Asimismo, se ejecutó el diseño de la red GPON con la herramienta OZmap, validando
la operatividad mediante simulación reflectométrica y cálculo de pérdidas, obteniendo
márgenes ópticos positivos en todos los enlaces. Toda la red se centraliza en una OLT y
un switch administrable.
Se elaboró el flujo de caja considerando los ingresos por la tarifa mensual del servicio
WiFi comunitario (1 Gbps), la tarifa opcional del servicio individual, el ahorro económico
estimado para beneficiarios directos e indirectos, así como los costos de mantenimiento e
implementación. Con un horizonte de evaluación de cinco años, se obtuvo un VANS de
S/ 1,324,972.27, lo cual demuestra que el proyecto es socialmente rentable. Finalmente,
se detallan los procedimientos de mantenimiento, se propone el uso de un software de
gestión para toda la red y se identifican posibles fuentes de financiamiento, concluyendo
con una serie de recomendaciones técnicas y sociales.
The rural town of Huancarpuquio exhibits low-quality connectivity to technological and digital services, primarily due to its low population density and the lack of interest from major telecommunications operators, who refrain from deploying infrastructure because of high investment costs and low return on investment. Huancarpuquio covers a territory of 3,305.00 hectares, inhabited by 146 citizens (according to the 2017 national census). A current population projection was conducted, applying a regional annual decrease rate of -1.9% and a household factor of 3.5 people (ENAO), resulting in an estimated total of 145 citizens across 41 directly benefiting households and 58 indirectly benefiting ones, including the neighboring communities of Taquebamba and San Mateo. Several solution alternatives were evaluated by comparing the Present Value of Total Social Costs (PVCST) of each, considering only implementation, maintenance, and equipment costs over a five-year evaluation period. The results were as follows: mobile network (-S/ 605,841.52), Hughesnet (-S/ 664,227.87), Starlink (-S/ 633,323.71), and local telecommunications network (-S/ 330,408.32). The local network alternative was selected for presenting the lowest social investment cost. The required capacity (in Mbps) was estimated based on OSIPTEL’s recommended minimum download speed (20 Mbps) and upload speed (7 Mbps), with 70% reliability for fixed internet services. Consequently, 574 Mbps were needed for direct users, 814 Mbps for indirect users, and 98 Mbps for the community WiFi Mesh network. The local network design includes point-to-point (PTP) millimeter-wave links using PTP 850E equipment. Two spans were designed, achieving transmission throughputs of 5.269 Gbps over 2.8 km and 6.022 Gbps over 1.3 km, both with 99.99% availability, as validated through LINKPlanner simulations, and with positive link budget margins. A heat map of the outdoor WiFi Mesh network was also created using the Ekahau AI Pro software and equipment models C80082K0058 and XV2-2T0XA00, operating in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. Additionally, the GPON network was designed using the OZmap tool, validating operability via reflectometric simulation and loss calculations, all with positive optical budget margins. The entire network is centralized through an OLT and a managed switch. A cash flow analysis was conducted, incorporating revenues from the community WiFi service (1 Gbps monthly plan), the optional individual connection plan, estimated economic savings for direct and indirect beneficiaries, and maintenance and implementation costs. Over a five-year period, an SNPV of S/ 1,324,972.27 was achieved, confirming the project’s social profitability. Lastly, maintenance procedures are detailed, a network management software solution is proposed, and potential funding sources are identified, concluding with a series of technical and social recommendations.
The rural town of Huancarpuquio exhibits low-quality connectivity to technological and digital services, primarily due to its low population density and the lack of interest from major telecommunications operators, who refrain from deploying infrastructure because of high investment costs and low return on investment. Huancarpuquio covers a territory of 3,305.00 hectares, inhabited by 146 citizens (according to the 2017 national census). A current population projection was conducted, applying a regional annual decrease rate of -1.9% and a household factor of 3.5 people (ENAO), resulting in an estimated total of 145 citizens across 41 directly benefiting households and 58 indirectly benefiting ones, including the neighboring communities of Taquebamba and San Mateo. Several solution alternatives were evaluated by comparing the Present Value of Total Social Costs (PVCST) of each, considering only implementation, maintenance, and equipment costs over a five-year evaluation period. The results were as follows: mobile network (-S/ 605,841.52), Hughesnet (-S/ 664,227.87), Starlink (-S/ 633,323.71), and local telecommunications network (-S/ 330,408.32). The local network alternative was selected for presenting the lowest social investment cost. The required capacity (in Mbps) was estimated based on OSIPTEL’s recommended minimum download speed (20 Mbps) and upload speed (7 Mbps), with 70% reliability for fixed internet services. Consequently, 574 Mbps were needed for direct users, 814 Mbps for indirect users, and 98 Mbps for the community WiFi Mesh network. The local network design includes point-to-point (PTP) millimeter-wave links using PTP 850E equipment. Two spans were designed, achieving transmission throughputs of 5.269 Gbps over 2.8 km and 6.022 Gbps over 1.3 km, both with 99.99% availability, as validated through LINKPlanner simulations, and with positive link budget margins. A heat map of the outdoor WiFi Mesh network was also created using the Ekahau AI Pro software and equipment models C80082K0058 and XV2-2T0XA00, operating in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. Additionally, the GPON network was designed using the OZmap tool, validating operability via reflectometric simulation and loss calculations, all with positive optical budget margins. The entire network is centralized through an OLT and a managed switch. A cash flow analysis was conducted, incorporating revenues from the community WiFi service (1 Gbps monthly plan), the optional individual connection plan, estimated economic savings for direct and indirect beneficiaries, and maintenance and implementation costs. Over a five-year period, an SNPV of S/ 1,324,972.27 was achieved, confirming the project’s social profitability. Lastly, maintenance procedures are detailed, a network management software solution is proposed, and potential funding sources are identified, concluding with a series of technical and social recommendations.
Descripción
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Telecomunicaciones rurales--Perú--Apurímac, Redes locales--Diseño y construcción, Estudios de factibilidad, Sistemas de comunicación inalámbrica
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