La reintegración política de los ex miembros de grupos alzados en armas que no firmaron un acuerdo de paz. Un estudio comparado entre el PCP-Sendero Luminoso, el Movimiento de Liberación Nacional - Tupamaros (MLN-T) y Montoneros
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Date
2025-01-21
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo comparar las características de la reintegración política —
después del término del periodo de violencia política— de los ex miembros de los grupos
alzados en armas Partido Comunista del Perú - Sendero Luminoso (PCP-SL), Movimiento de
Liberación Nacional - Tupamaros (MLN-T) y Montoneros, para así responder a la pregunta
sobre cuáles fueron los factores que determinaron las particularidades del proceso de
reintegración de cada una de estas organizaciones.
Después de un análisis histórico concluimos que fueron tres los componentes centrales que
fueron claves en la reintegración política de cada una de las organizaciones, todos ellos
desarrollados durante la época de transición a la democracia en Perú, Uruguay y Argentina,
respectivamente—que funcionó como una coyuntura crítica—. Estos factores influyeron tanto
en la existencia o no de una reintegración política de los grupos alzados en armas como en
determinar las particularidades de este proceso para cada una de las organizaciones.
Así, los tres factores centrales fueron la apertura y los obstáculos externos para la acción
política de las organizaciones que nos competen; sus estructuras de movilización, y los
procesos enmarcadores de las sociedades durante la transición.
Asimismo, hallamos que las decisiones y acciones tomadas por los actores políticos durante
las transiciones a la democracia —al configurarse una situación de ruptura del orden social,
en el que los actores políticos debieron enfrentarse a la necesidad de la reconstrucción de
nuevos equilibrios—, lograron establecer una dependencia de la trayectoria, en donde
decisiones previas refuerzan las decisiones posteriores en esa misma dirección.
This work aims to compare the characteristics of the political reintegration —after the end of the period of political violence— of the former members of the insurgents groups Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path (PCP-SL), National Liberation Movement - Tupamaros (MLN-T) and Montoneros, in order to answer the question about what were the factors that determined the particularities of the reintegration process of each of these organizations. After a historical analysis we conclude that there were three central components that were key in the political reintegration of each of the organizations, all of them developed during the time of transition to democracy in Peru, Uruguay and Argentina, respectively —which functioned as a critical juncture—. These factors influenced on the existence or not of a political reintegration of the armed groups and determined the particularities of this process for each of the organizations. Thus, the three central factors were the opportunities and external obstacles for the political action of the organizations that concern us; their mobilization structures, and the framing processes of societies during the transition. Likewise, we found that the decisions and actions taken by political actors during the transitions to democracy —when a situation of rupture of the social order was configured, in which political actors had to face the need to reconstruct new balances— achieved establishing path dependence, where previous decisions reinforce subsequent decisions in that same direction.
This work aims to compare the characteristics of the political reintegration —after the end of the period of political violence— of the former members of the insurgents groups Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path (PCP-SL), National Liberation Movement - Tupamaros (MLN-T) and Montoneros, in order to answer the question about what were the factors that determined the particularities of the reintegration process of each of these organizations. After a historical analysis we conclude that there were three central components that were key in the political reintegration of each of the organizations, all of them developed during the time of transition to democracy in Peru, Uruguay and Argentina, respectively —which functioned as a critical juncture—. These factors influenced on the existence or not of a political reintegration of the armed groups and determined the particularities of this process for each of the organizations. Thus, the three central factors were the opportunities and external obstacles for the political action of the organizations that concern us; their mobilization structures, and the framing processes of societies during the transition. Likewise, we found that the decisions and actions taken by political actors during the transitions to democracy —when a situation of rupture of the social order was configured, in which political actors had to face the need to reconstruct new balances— achieved establishing path dependence, where previous decisions reinforce subsequent decisions in that same direction.
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Organización Montoneros (Argentina), Sendero Luminoso--Perú, Movimiento de liberación nacional--Uruguay, Resocialización
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