Análisis de la inclusión de incentivos en el cálculo de la retribución económica por vertimiento de agua residual tratada autorizada en el sector saneamiento, desde el año 2012 al 2024
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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La presente investigación analiza y critica la metodología vigente para el cálculo
de la retribución económica por vertimiento de agua residual tratada autorizada en
el sector saneamiento, aprobada por la Autoridad Nacional del Agua mediante la
Resolución Jefatural N.° 457-2012-ANA y actualizada anualmente a través de los
Decretos Supremos emitidos por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego para
el periodo 2012–2024. El objetivo es evaluar la inclusión de incentivos en dicho
cálculo y, con base en dicha evaluación, proponer una mejora metodológica. El
estudio fue de enfoque mixto (cuantitativo y cualitativo) y de nivel descriptivoexploratorio.
El instrumento de la investigación fue la revisión documental y un
cuestionario el cual se aplicó a 7 expertos en el tema. Los expertos, advirtieron
que la metodología actualmente usada para calcular la retribución económica por
vertimiento autorizado presenta limitaciones importantes. Frente a ello, resulta
pertinente trabajar en una propuesta de mejora que considere de manera conjunta
la cantidad y la calidad del vertimiento, en base a ello se planteó el índice de
incentivo de acuerdo a la técnica de la normalización Min-Max, que transforma los
datos linealmente para que todos los valores se ajusten a un rango específico,
generalmente entre 0 y 1. Se trabajó en función de los parámetros evaluados de
los límites máximos permisibles, con un peso estimado. Al aplicar las fórmulas
propuestas al caso de estudio de la PTAR La Enlozada, se concluye que el monto
anual de la retribución económica individual por vertimiento de aguas residuales
tratadas se reduce en aproximadamente un 88 % respecto al valor calculado
mediante la fórmula vigente, cuando se incorpora el índice de incentivo por calidad
sin considerar aún el ajuste por neutralidad recaudatoria sectorial, generando así
un descuento significativo que reconoce el buen desempeño ambiental del
tratamiento.
Adicionalmente, se incorporó una restricción de política pública: mantener la
recaudación global de la ANA por concepto de retribución, recalibrando el factor
V cuando corresponda, de forma que la introducción del factor I (incentivo por
calidad) no reduzca la recaudación agregada del sector. Para comprobar
consistencia, se realizaron simulaciones con tres EPS hipotéticas (mismos
órdenes de magnitud de caudal y variación de calidad), empleando normalización
Min–Max de los parámetros DBO5, DQO, SST y coliformes termotolerantes
(conforme al D.S. N.° 003-2010-MINAM como referente normativo de LMP) y
ponderaciones explícitas. Bajo el esquema propuesto, el factor I opera como
descuento por desempeño ambiental y V se ajusta para preservar la recaudación
total, permitiendo evaluar equidad intra-sector sin comprometer sostenibilidad
financiera de la autoridad.
This research analyzes and critiques the current methodology for calculating the economic retribution for authorized treated wastewater discharge in the sanitation sector, approved by the National Water Authority through Chief Executive Resolution No. 457-2012-ANA and updated annually by Supreme Decrees issued by the Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation during the period 2012– 2024. The objective is to assess the incorporation of incentives into this calculation and, based on this assessment, to propose a methodological improvement. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach (quantitative and qualitative) and is descriptive–exploratory in nature. The research instruments consisted of a documentary review and a questionnaire applied to seven subject-matter experts. The experts indicated that the methodology currently used to calculate the economic retribution for authorized wastewater discharge presents significant limitations. In response, a proposal was developed to jointly incorporate both the quantity and quality of the discharge. Accordingly, an incentive index was formulated based on the Min–Max normalization technique, which linearly transforms data so that all values fall within a specific range, generally between 0 and 1. The analysis was conducted using parameters associated with maximum permissible limits, with estimated weights assigned to each parameter. When applying the proposed formulas to the case study of the La Enlozada Wastewater Treatment Plant, the annual individual economic retribution for treated wastewater discharge was reduced by approximately 88% compared to the value obtained using the current formula, prior to applying the sector-wide revenue-neutrality adjustment, thereby generating a significant discount that recognizes the environmental performance of the treatment process. Additionally, a public policy constraint was incorporated to maintain the National Water Authority’s aggregate revenue from economic retribution by recalibrating factor V when necessary, so that the introduction of factor I (quality-based incentive) does not reduce overall sector revenue. To verify consistency, simulations were conducted using three hypothetical water utilities (EPS) with comparable orders of magnitude of flow and quality variation, applying Min–Max normalization to the parameters BOD₅, COD, TSS, and thermotolerant coliforms, in accordance with Supreme Decree No. 003-2010-MINAM as the regulatory reference for maximum permissible limits, and using explicit weighting factors. Under the proposed scheme, factor I operates as a discount based on environmental performance, while factor V is adjusted to preserve total revenue, enabling the assessment of intra-sector equity without compromising the financial sustainability of the authority.
This research analyzes and critiques the current methodology for calculating the economic retribution for authorized treated wastewater discharge in the sanitation sector, approved by the National Water Authority through Chief Executive Resolution No. 457-2012-ANA and updated annually by Supreme Decrees issued by the Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation during the period 2012– 2024. The objective is to assess the incorporation of incentives into this calculation and, based on this assessment, to propose a methodological improvement. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach (quantitative and qualitative) and is descriptive–exploratory in nature. The research instruments consisted of a documentary review and a questionnaire applied to seven subject-matter experts. The experts indicated that the methodology currently used to calculate the economic retribution for authorized wastewater discharge presents significant limitations. In response, a proposal was developed to jointly incorporate both the quantity and quality of the discharge. Accordingly, an incentive index was formulated based on the Min–Max normalization technique, which linearly transforms data so that all values fall within a specific range, generally between 0 and 1. The analysis was conducted using parameters associated with maximum permissible limits, with estimated weights assigned to each parameter. When applying the proposed formulas to the case study of the La Enlozada Wastewater Treatment Plant, the annual individual economic retribution for treated wastewater discharge was reduced by approximately 88% compared to the value obtained using the current formula, prior to applying the sector-wide revenue-neutrality adjustment, thereby generating a significant discount that recognizes the environmental performance of the treatment process. Additionally, a public policy constraint was incorporated to maintain the National Water Authority’s aggregate revenue from economic retribution by recalibrating factor V when necessary, so that the introduction of factor I (quality-based incentive) does not reduce overall sector revenue. To verify consistency, simulations were conducted using three hypothetical water utilities (EPS) with comparable orders of magnitude of flow and quality variation, applying Min–Max normalization to the parameters BOD₅, COD, TSS, and thermotolerant coliforms, in accordance with Supreme Decree No. 003-2010-MINAM as the regulatory reference for maximum permissible limits, and using explicit weighting factors. Under the proposed scheme, factor I operates as a discount based on environmental performance, while factor V is adjusted to preserve total revenue, enabling the assessment of intra-sector equity without compromising the financial sustainability of the authority.
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Aguas residuales--Perú, Recursos hidrológicos--Administración--Perú, Calidad del agua--Perú
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item.page.review
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