Exploración minera y consulta previa en el Perú: un marco legal ineficiente para la protección de los pueblos indígenas u originarios y la atracción de inversiones
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
La exploración minera desempeña un papel crucial en la sostenibilidad y
proyección a futuro del sector minero, un sector de vital importancia para la
economía peruana. Pese a ello, el contexto es adverso y hoy en día enfrenta
importantes desafíos regulatorios. Entre ellos, destaca el proceso de consulta
previa a los Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios (PIOs), que, por un lado, afecta
directamente en la vida de un proyecto, su cronograma e inversión, y por otro,
más relevante aún, impacta a los derechos colectivos de los PIOs pudiéndolos
salvaguardad o vulnerar. Dependerá de la correcta técnica legislativa que se
utilice y los verdaderos objetivos del Estado Peruano: Salvaguardar lo Derechos
Colectivos de los PIOs o solo cumplir de cualquier modo la obligación
internacional a la que se encuentran sujetos.
La consulta previa se presenta como un medio de comunicación entre el Estado
y comunidades que poseen valores y visiones del mundo diferentes. A través de
ella, el Estado intenta acercarse a estos pueblos, en cuyos territorios tiene interés
para llevar a cabo proyectos de inversión que beneficiarían a terceros y al
desarrollo económico nacional. Sin embargo, la implementación lenta y
problemática de la consulta previa ha deteriorado esta comunicación. La
información aportada por cada parte no se valora de manera equitativa, y
sumado a una deficiente gestión estatal en relación con los pueblos indígenas u
originarios es lo que vuelve estos proyectos inviables. (Peña Jumpa, 2016)
En el presente trabajo se analizarán los principales problemas normativos
asociados al proceso de consulta previa en la fase exploratoria de un proyecto
minero. Entre ellos encontramos, por un lado, la ejecución inoportuna de este
proceso. Por otro, tenemos la impredecibilidad en la información disponible de
los PIOs, lo que genera incertidumbre para los inversionistas y por último, la falta
de distinción entre proyectos de exploración minera de gran envergadura frente
a pequeños proyectos de menor escala, que, a pesar de que no impactarían los
derechos colectivos de los pueblos indígenas u originarios, son evaluados bajo
con el mismo enfoque.
Pese a los esfuerzos del sector y del Estado en mejorar este proceso, persisten
obstáculos administrativos y logísticos que complican este proceso, generando
retrasos y costos adicionales para los inversionistas y la subvaloración de los
derechos colectivos de los PIOs.
Mining exploration plays a crucial role in the sustainability and future projection of the mining sector, a sector of vital importance to the Peruvian economy. However, the context is adverse, and it currently faces significant regulatory challenges. Among them, the process of prior consultation with Indigenous or Native Peoples (PIOs) stands out, which, on the one hand, directly affects the life of a project, its timeline, and investment, and on the other, more importantly, impacts the collective rights of the PIOs, potentially safeguarding or violating them. This will depend on the proper legislative techniques used and the true objectives of the Peruvian State: to safeguard the collective rights of the PIOs or merely fulfill the international obligations to which it is subject in any manner. Prior consultation is presented as a means of communication between the State and communities that possess different values and worldviews. Through it, the State seeks to approach these peoples, whose territories are of interest for carrying out investment projects that would benefit third parties and national economic development. However, the slow and problematic implementation of the prior consultation has deteriorated this communication. The information provided by each party is not valued equitably, and, combined with poor state management in relation to Indigenous or Native Peoples, this makes these projects unfeasible (Peña Jumpa, 2016). This paper will analyze the main regulatory problems associated with the prior consultation process in the exploratory phase of a mining project. Among them, we find, on the one hand, the untimely execution of this process. On the other hand, there is the unpredictability of the available information on the PIOs, which generates uncertainty for investors; and finally, the lack of distinction between large-scale mining exploration projects and smaller, lower-scale projects, which, despite not affecting the collective rights of the Indigenous or Native Peoples, are evaluated under the same framework. Despite efforts by the sector and the State to improve this process, administrative and logistical obstacles persist, complicating it and causing delays and additional costs for investors, as well as underestimating the collective rights of the PIOs.
Mining exploration plays a crucial role in the sustainability and future projection of the mining sector, a sector of vital importance to the Peruvian economy. However, the context is adverse, and it currently faces significant regulatory challenges. Among them, the process of prior consultation with Indigenous or Native Peoples (PIOs) stands out, which, on the one hand, directly affects the life of a project, its timeline, and investment, and on the other, more importantly, impacts the collective rights of the PIOs, potentially safeguarding or violating them. This will depend on the proper legislative techniques used and the true objectives of the Peruvian State: to safeguard the collective rights of the PIOs or merely fulfill the international obligations to which it is subject in any manner. Prior consultation is presented as a means of communication between the State and communities that possess different values and worldviews. Through it, the State seeks to approach these peoples, whose territories are of interest for carrying out investment projects that would benefit third parties and national economic development. However, the slow and problematic implementation of the prior consultation has deteriorated this communication. The information provided by each party is not valued equitably, and, combined with poor state management in relation to Indigenous or Native Peoples, this makes these projects unfeasible (Peña Jumpa, 2016). This paper will analyze the main regulatory problems associated with the prior consultation process in the exploratory phase of a mining project. Among them, we find, on the one hand, the untimely execution of this process. On the other hand, there is the unpredictability of the available information on the PIOs, which generates uncertainty for investors; and finally, the lack of distinction between large-scale mining exploration projects and smaller, lower-scale projects, which, despite not affecting the collective rights of the Indigenous or Native Peoples, are evaluated under the same framework. Despite efforts by the sector and the State to improve this process, administrative and logistical obstacles persist, complicating it and causing delays and additional costs for investors, as well as underestimating the collective rights of the PIOs.
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Derecho indígena--Legislación--Perú, Responsabilidad por el medio ambiente, Industria minera--Perú, Recursos naturales--Aspectos ambientales--Perú--Amazonía, Región
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