Obsidianas del Imperio: un análisis geoquímico, morfométrico geométrico 2D y tecnológico de bifaces de obsidiana provenientes del sector Capillapata, Complejo Arqueológico Huari, Ayacucho
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
Esta investigación examina artefactos de obsidiana de la Estructura 30 en Capillapata,
parte del Complejo Arqueológico Huari (Ayacucho), encontrados en un contexto
funerario monumental. El grupo de piezas, hallado junto y completo, genera preguntas
sobre su propósito y cómo se colocaron allí. El objetivo principal fue describir este
conjunto de manera integral, evaluando sus características morfológicas, tecnológicas, de
composición y de contexto. La hipótesis principal fue que el grupo de bifaces de
Capillapata presenta homogeneidad morfológica y tecnológica, debido a una selección
especial, sin un uso práctico directo. Para comprobar esto, se usaron tres métodos: análisis
geoquímico con pXRF, morfometría geométrica 2D y análisis tecnológico. Los resultados
muestran que todos los objetos provienen de Quispisisa y tienen una forma muy
estandarizada, con siluetas alargadas y control del espesor. Se encontraron bifaces,
unifaces, preformas e instrumentos sobre lascas, pero todos siguen un mismo diseño. La
ausencia de huellas macroscópicas de uso y reconfiguraciones, junto con su cercanía a
objetos de metal, apoya la idea de que este conjunto constituyó una ofrenda, un depósito
ritual para dedicar o cerrar un espacio funerario. No obstante, la evidencia sugiere que la
marcada asimetría y la presencia de múltiples filos en ciertas piezas apuntan a un uso
breve y probablemente asociado a eventos rituales, antes de ser finalmente descartadas en
el depósito. En resumen, el estudio confirma la hipótesis de uniformidad y carácter ritual,
pero agrega que en Capillapata lo técnico y lo funcional estaban incluidos en lo
ceremonial. Esto ofrece una nueva perspectiva frente a interpretaciones anteriores,
resaltando el significado simbólico de la obsidiana en los rituales y en la política Wari.
This research examines obsidian artifacts from Structure 30 in Capillapata, part of the Huari Archaeological Complex (Ayacucho), recovered in a monumental funerary context. The group of pieces, found together and complete, raises questions about their purpose and the way they were deposited. The main objective was to describe this assemblage in an integral way, evaluating its morphological, technological, compositional, and contextual characteristics. The guiding hypothesis was that the Capillapata bifaces display morphological and technological homogeneity, resulting from deliberate selection, without direct practical use. To test this, three methods were applied: geochemical analysis using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), 2D geometric morphometrics, and technological analysis. The results show that all objects originated from the Quispisisa source and share a highly standardized form, with elongated silhouettes and controlled thickness. Although bifaces, unifaces, preforms, and flake tools were identified, they all follow a similar design. The absence of macroscopic use-wear and reconfiguration, together with their association with metallic objects, supports the idea that this assemblage represented an offering, a ritual deposit intended to dedicate or close a funerary space. However, the data also indicates that asymmetry and the presence of multiple edges suggest some pieces may have been briefly used in ritual events before being discarded in the deposit. In summary, the study confirms the hypothesis of uniformity and ritual character but also highlights that in Capillapata the technological and functional dimensions were incorporated into the ceremonial sphere. This offers a renewed perspective compared to previous interpretations, underscoring the symbolic significance of obsidian in Wari rituality and politics.
This research examines obsidian artifacts from Structure 30 in Capillapata, part of the Huari Archaeological Complex (Ayacucho), recovered in a monumental funerary context. The group of pieces, found together and complete, raises questions about their purpose and the way they were deposited. The main objective was to describe this assemblage in an integral way, evaluating its morphological, technological, compositional, and contextual characteristics. The guiding hypothesis was that the Capillapata bifaces display morphological and technological homogeneity, resulting from deliberate selection, without direct practical use. To test this, three methods were applied: geochemical analysis using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), 2D geometric morphometrics, and technological analysis. The results show that all objects originated from the Quispisisa source and share a highly standardized form, with elongated silhouettes and controlled thickness. Although bifaces, unifaces, preforms, and flake tools were identified, they all follow a similar design. The absence of macroscopic use-wear and reconfiguration, together with their association with metallic objects, supports the idea that this assemblage represented an offering, a ritual deposit intended to dedicate or close a funerary space. However, the data also indicates that asymmetry and the presence of multiple edges suggest some pieces may have been briefly used in ritual events before being discarded in the deposit. In summary, the study confirms the hypothesis of uniformity and ritual character but also highlights that in Capillapata the technological and functional dimensions were incorporated into the ceremonial sphere. This offers a renewed perspective compared to previous interpretations, underscoring the symbolic significance of obsidian in Wari rituality and politics.
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Obsidiana--Análisis, Sitios históricos--Perú--Ayacucho, Huari, Cultura--Rituales, Ayacucho--Restos arqueológicos
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