Autosuficiencia energética, hídrica y alimentaria en ambientes urbanos: aplicación en la cubierta. Reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero
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2018-04-05
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract
Las actividades que se desarrollan en las ciudades dinamizan la economía
global; no obstante, estos procesos urbanos son, actualmente, intensivos en
emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Es de interés mundial reducir
estas emisiones con la transición a sistemas de bajo consumo de carbono.
Para ello, se implementa, en los subsistemas urbanos, tecnologías de
captación de recursos endógenos donde se aborda el nexo energía – agua –
alimento. El estudio posee dos objetivos: (i) determinar el grado de
autosuficiencia energética, hídrica y alimentaria para afianzar la seguridad
respectiva; (ii) cuantificar la reducción de GEI respecto del contexto actual.
Asimismo, la investigación se sustenta en: (a) prevenir la discontinuidad del
suministro y reducir la dependencia de fuentes externas; (b) el cumplimiento
del compromiso medioambiental del Acuerdo de París, Convención Marco
de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (2016).
Para el análisis, se han seleccionado tres ciudades por cada región
geográfica de Perú: Ica, Ayacucho y Pucallpa; cada una con una
climatología, morfología urbana y un mix eléctrico regional particular. Estas
ciudades son representativas porque se encuentran en las regiones
climatológicas donde se concentra la mayor parte de la población nacional.
Por ello, éstas se han caracterizado en demanda y oferta con datos de
energía solar incidente, temperatura, pluviometría y consumo de agua,
electricidad y alimentos. Posteriormente, a partir del plano urbano, ArcGis
10.3 cuantifica la superficie de cubierta disponible. Como último paso para
obtener el potencial real, se aplican una serie de factores de corrección por
área y eficiencia. Los resultados indican que los recursos endógenos
permiten satisfacer la demanda; específicamente, en energía. Asimismo, el
análisis ambiental con el método IPCC 2013 en Simapro v8.2 evidencia una
importante reducción de emisiones de GEI, la cual varía en cada ciudad
según el mix eléctrico particular con el que es comparado. Finalmente, a
través del análisis de sensibilidad, se determina valores ideales que ciertos
parámetros de crecimiento urbano deben mantener para afianzar la
seguridad entre el nexo urbano descrito y la sostenibilidad ambiental.
Cities concentrate global development through different economic activities. However, currently urban processes are highly intensive in terms emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The reduction of these emissions is a global concern that has triggered the transition to low carbon systems. Thus, it is imperative to implement technologies of endogenous resources in urban subsystems that can deal with the energy-water–food nexus. Therefore, this dissertation has two main objectives. On the one hand, to determine the selfsufficiency factor in energy, water and food to strengthen their respective security. On the other hand, the establishment of a quantification framework to calculate GHG emission reductions with respect to the current situation. The importance of this study is based on an effort to decentralize the supply of energy, water and food in urban environments, reducing the dependence on external sources. For this, the underutilization of rooftops was identified as a potential vector to generate endogenous resources in cities. Three cities (i.e., Ica, Ayacucho and Pucallpa) were selected for analysis, each of them representing a particular climatic region of Peru. These cities were deemed representative because they are in the climatic regions where most of the Peruvian population is concentrated. Hence, they were characterized by their demand and supply through data of incident solar energy, temperature, precipitation and water, electricity and food consumption. Subsequently, based on land registry plans, ArcGis 10.3 quantify the surface of available rooftops. As the final step to obtain the real potential, correction factors were applied by area and efficiency. The results indicate that endogenous resources allow meeting the demand of electricity, water and horticulture products. In addition, environmental analysis using Life Cycle Assessment with the IPCC 2013 assessment method showed that there is a significant reduction of GHG emissions, which varies in each city due to the particular electric mix of comparison. Finally, through the sensitivity analysis, particular values that certain parameters of urban growth should keep are determined in order to secure the safety between the urban nexus and the environmental sustainability.
Cities concentrate global development through different economic activities. However, currently urban processes are highly intensive in terms emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The reduction of these emissions is a global concern that has triggered the transition to low carbon systems. Thus, it is imperative to implement technologies of endogenous resources in urban subsystems that can deal with the energy-water–food nexus. Therefore, this dissertation has two main objectives. On the one hand, to determine the selfsufficiency factor in energy, water and food to strengthen their respective security. On the other hand, the establishment of a quantification framework to calculate GHG emission reductions with respect to the current situation. The importance of this study is based on an effort to decentralize the supply of energy, water and food in urban environments, reducing the dependence on external sources. For this, the underutilization of rooftops was identified as a potential vector to generate endogenous resources in cities. Three cities (i.e., Ica, Ayacucho and Pucallpa) were selected for analysis, each of them representing a particular climatic region of Peru. These cities were deemed representative because they are in the climatic regions where most of the Peruvian population is concentrated. Hence, they were characterized by their demand and supply through data of incident solar energy, temperature, precipitation and water, electricity and food consumption. Subsequently, based on land registry plans, ArcGis 10.3 quantify the surface of available rooftops. As the final step to obtain the real potential, correction factors were applied by area and efficiency. The results indicate that endogenous resources allow meeting the demand of electricity, water and horticulture products. In addition, environmental analysis using Life Cycle Assessment with the IPCC 2013 assessment method showed that there is a significant reduction of GHG emissions, which varies in each city due to the particular electric mix of comparison. Finally, through the sensitivity analysis, particular values that certain parameters of urban growth should keep are determined in order to secure the safety between the urban nexus and the environmental sustainability.
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Energía eléctrica, Gases de efecto invernadero--Reducción
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