Deforestación suscitada por la instalación de cultivos ilícitos (hoja de coca) en la zona de amortiguamiento del Parque Nacional Bahuaja Sonene, distrito de San Pedro de Putina Punco, provincia de Sandía, región Puno
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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Resumen
En Perú, la creciente deforestación del bosque amazónico ocurre por la agricultura migratoria de pequeños agricultores y sus prácticas de rozo y quema, que causa el incremento
de un conjunto de fenómenos socio ambientales asociados al calentamiento global. La deforestación adquiere mayor alcance en áreas de gran diversidad biológica, protegidas por
el Estado, y adquiere mayor gravedad al hacerse para instalar cultivos ilícitos (hoja de coca).
La investigación procura describir y analizar la dinámica social y económica derivada de la instalación de cultivos ilícitos y su importancia como causa de la deforestación en la zona de amortiguamiento del Parque Nacional Bahuaja Sonene. En ese sentido, nuestro
estudio procura profundizar el análisis de las estrategias económicas y productivas de los
productores cocaleros, tales como sus sistemas agrícolas de producción. Para comprender
dicha dinámica consideramos esencial aplicar encuestas a productores de café y coca,
visitando sus parcelas, medio en el cual imperan las economías ilegales y rondas campesinas.
La agricultura de rozo y quema para ampliar los cultivos y la necesidad de contar con
cultivos de coca que sean rentables frente a la volatilidad de otros cultivos permanentes (café)
son aspectos que constituyen el eje de nuestro estudio. La coca es priorizada dada su relativa
mayor rentabilidad, expresándose en pago de jornales más atractivos para la mano de obra local, que pospone sus plantaciones de café, mermando su productividad y rentabilidad.
Eventualmente, para contrarrestar los efectos colaterales en la reducción de sus ingresos, los
productores amplían la superficie de sus cultivos desmontando bosques naturales,
configurándose un impacto indirecto en la deforestación que, aunada a la minería ilegal
visualizada en la cuenca del río Tambopata, configuran economías ilícitas que favorecen la deforestación ante la ausencia estatal que brinde alternativas económicas para sus pobladores.
In Peru, the increasing deforestation of the Amazon rainforest is driven by slash-andburn agriculture practiced by small farmers, which exacerbates a range of socioenvironmental phenomena associated with global warming. Deforestation is most widespread in areas of high biodiversity, protected by the state, and becomes even more serious when it is carried out to establish illicit crops (such as coca). This research aims to describe and analyze the social and economic dynamics resulting from the establishment of illicit crops and their importance as a cause of deforestation in the buffer zone of Bahuaja Sonene National Park. In this regard, our study seeks to deepen the analysis of the economic and productive strategies of coca growers, such as their agricultural production systems. To understand these dynamics, we consider it essential to conduct surveys of coffee and coca producers, visiting their plots, an environment dominated by illegal economies and peasant patrols. Slash-and-burn agriculture to expand cultivated areas and the need for profitable coca crops, given the volatility of other permanent crops (such as coffee), are central to our study. Coca is prioritized due to its relatively higher profitability, reflected in more attractive wages for local laborers, who postpone planting coffee, thus reducing their productivity and profitability. Eventually, to offset the collateral effects of reduced income, producers expand their cultivated areas by clearing natural forests, resulting in an indirect impact on deforestation. This, combined with illegal mining observed in the Tambopata River basin, creates illicit economies that fuel deforestation in the absence of government support for economic alternatives for the local population.
In Peru, the increasing deforestation of the Amazon rainforest is driven by slash-andburn agriculture practiced by small farmers, which exacerbates a range of socioenvironmental phenomena associated with global warming. Deforestation is most widespread in areas of high biodiversity, protected by the state, and becomes even more serious when it is carried out to establish illicit crops (such as coca). This research aims to describe and analyze the social and economic dynamics resulting from the establishment of illicit crops and their importance as a cause of deforestation in the buffer zone of Bahuaja Sonene National Park. In this regard, our study seeks to deepen the analysis of the economic and productive strategies of coca growers, such as their agricultural production systems. To understand these dynamics, we consider it essential to conduct surveys of coffee and coca producers, visiting their plots, an environment dominated by illegal economies and peasant patrols. Slash-and-burn agriculture to expand cultivated areas and the need for profitable coca crops, given the volatility of other permanent crops (such as coffee), are central to our study. Coca is prioritized due to its relatively higher profitability, reflected in more attractive wages for local laborers, who postpone planting coffee, thus reducing their productivity and profitability. Eventually, to offset the collateral effects of reduced income, producers expand their cultivated areas by clearing natural forests, resulting in an indirect impact on deforestation. This, combined with illegal mining observed in the Tambopata River basin, creates illicit economies that fuel deforestation in the absence of government support for economic alternatives for the local population.
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Parque Nacional Bahuaja Sonene (Perú), Deforestación--Perú--Amazonía, Región, Desarrollo sostenible--Perú--Amazonía, Región, Uso de la tierra--Agricultura--Perú--Amazonía, Región