Desafíos en la persecución del genocidio: Factores jurídicos y políticos en los tribunales Ad-hoc y la Corte Penal Internacional
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Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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El genocidio se considera uno de los crímenes más atroces contra la humanidad,
ya que implica la destrucción sistemática de un grupo por motivos de etnia,
nacionalidad, raza o religión. La persecución del genocidio ha sido un tema
central en el derecho internacional desde su proscripción en la Convención sobre
el Genocidio, que obliga a los Estados a perseguir y juzgar este crimen en sus
tribunales nacionales. Sin embargo, los tribunales ad-hoc tuvieron más éxito en
la persecución del genocidio, en parte debido a factores jurídicos y geopolíticos.
A partir de la creación de la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI), sin embargo, el
número de investigaciones y condenas por genocidio ha disminuido
significativamente pese a ya tener 25 años de funcionamiento. Factores como
los intereses geopolíticos, la falta de cooperación de las grandes potencias y las
limitaciones jurisdiccionales de la CPI han contribuido a esta disminución. Este
trabajo analiza las diferencias en las modalidades de atribución entre los
tribunales ad-hoc y la CPI, explorando el papel de los factores políticos en la
persecución del genocidio y las limitaciones que enfrentan los tribunales
internacionales para abordar este crimen. El análisis concluye que, aunque los
marcos legales y doctrinas son importantes, los desafíos políticos y prácticos
dificultan significativamente la persecución del genocidio a nivel internacional.
Genocide is considered one of the most atrocious crimes against humanity, as it involves the systematic destruction of a group based on ethnicity, nationality, race, or religion. The prosecution of genocide has been a central issue in international law since its proscription in the Genocide Convention, which obliges states to pursue and prosecute this crime in their national courts. However, adhoc tribunals were more successful in prosecuting genocide, partly due to legal and geopolitical factors. Since the creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC), however, the number of investigations and convictions for genocide has significantly decreased, despite having been in operation for 25 years. Factors such as geopolitical interests, the lack of cooperation from major powers, and the ICC's jurisdictional limitations have contributed to this decline. This paper analyzes the differences in attribution modalities between ad-hoc tribunals and the ICC, exploring the role of political factors in the prosecution of genocide and the limitations faced by international tribunals in addressing this crime. The analysis concludes that, while legal frameworks and doctrines are important, political and practical challenges significantly hinder the prosecution of genocide at the international level.
Genocide is considered one of the most atrocious crimes against humanity, as it involves the systematic destruction of a group based on ethnicity, nationality, race, or religion. The prosecution of genocide has been a central issue in international law since its proscription in the Genocide Convention, which obliges states to pursue and prosecute this crime in their national courts. However, adhoc tribunals were more successful in prosecuting genocide, partly due to legal and geopolitical factors. Since the creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC), however, the number of investigations and convictions for genocide has significantly decreased, despite having been in operation for 25 years. Factors such as geopolitical interests, the lack of cooperation from major powers, and the ICC's jurisdictional limitations have contributed to this decline. This paper analyzes the differences in attribution modalities between ad-hoc tribunals and the ICC, exploring the role of political factors in the prosecution of genocide and the limitations faced by international tribunals in addressing this crime. The analysis concludes that, while legal frameworks and doctrines are important, political and practical challenges significantly hinder the prosecution of genocide at the international level.
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Corte Penal Internacional, Genocidio, Responsabilidad penal
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